^3:6When Josiah was king of Judah, the Lord said to me, “Jeremiah, you have no doubt seen what wayward Israel has done.¹³ You have seen how she went up to every high hill and under every green tree to give herself like a prostitute to other gods.¹⁴^3:7Yet even after she had done all that, I thought that she might come back to me.¹⁵ But she did not. Her sister, unfaithful Judah, saw what she did.¹⁶^3:8She also saw¹⁷ that I gave wayward Israel her divorce papers and sent her away because of her adulterous worship of other gods.¹⁸ Even after her unfaithful sister Judah had seen this,¹⁹ she still was not afraid, and she too went and gave herself like a prostitute to other gods.²⁰^3:9Because she took her prostitution so lightly, she defiled the land²¹ through her adulterous worship of gods made of wood and stone.²²^3:10In spite of all this,²³ Israel’s sister, unfaithful Judah, has not turned back to me with any sincerity; she has only pretended to do so,”²⁴ says the Lord. ^3:11Then the Lord said to me, “Under the circumstances, wayward Israel could even be considered less guilty than unfaithful Judah.²⁵

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Footnotes

13 “Have you seen …” The question is rhetorical and expects a positive answer.
14 Heb “she played the prostitute there.” This is a metaphor for Israel’s worship; she gave herself to the worship of other gods like a prostitute gives herself to her lovers. There seems no clear way to completely spell out the metaphor in the translation.
15 Or “I said to her, ‘Come back to me!’ ” The verb אָמַר (’amar) usually means “to say,” but here it means “to think,” of an assumption that turns out to be wrong (so אמר); cf. Gen 44:28; Jer 3:19; Pss 82:6; 139:11; Job 29:18; Ruth 4:4; Lam 3:18. Open theists suggest that passages such as this indicate God has limited foreknowledge; however, more traditional theologians view this passage as an extended metaphor in which God presents himself as a deserted husband, hoping against hope that his adulterous wife might return to him. The point of the metaphor is not to make an assertion about God’s foreknowledge, but to develop the theme of God’s heartbreak due to Israel’s unrepentance.
16 The words “what she did” are not in the text but are implicit from the context and are supplied in the translation for clarification.
17 Heb “she [‘her sister, unfaithful Judah’ from the preceding verse] saw” with one Hebrew , some Greek , and the version. The reads “I saw” which may be a case of attraction to the verb at the beginning of the previous verse.
18 Heb “because she committed adultery.” The translation is intended to spell out the significance of the metaphor.
19 The words “Even after her unfaithful sister, Judah, had seen this” are not in the Hebrew text but are implicit in the connection and are supplied for clarification.
20 Heb “she played the prostitute there.” This is a metaphor for Israel’s worship; she gave herself to the worship of other gods like a prostitute gives herself to her lovers. There seems no clear way to completely spell out the metaphor in the translation.
21 The translation reads the form as a causative (Hiphil, תַּהֲנֵף, tahanef) with some of the versions in place of the simple stative (Qal, תֶּחֱנַף, tekhenaf) in the .
22 Heb “because of the lightness of her prostitution, she defiled the land and committed adultery with stone and wood.”
23 Heb “And even in all this.”
24 Heb “has not turned back to me with all her heart but only in falsehood.”
25 Heb “Wayward Israel has proven herself to be more righteous than unfaithful Judah.” A comparison is drawn here between the greater culpability of Judah, who has had the advantage of seeing how God disciplined her sister nation for having sinned and yet ignored the warning and committed the same sin, and the culpability of Israel who had no such advantage.