^1:8But Daniel made up his mind³⁵ that he would not defile³⁶ himself with the royal delicacies or the royal wine.³⁷ He therefore asked the overseer of the court officials for permission not to defile himself. ^1:9Then God made the overseer of the court officials sympathetic to Daniel.³⁸^1:10But he³⁹ responded to Daniel, “I fear my master the king. He is the one who has decided⁴⁰ your food and drink. What would happen if he saw that you looked malnourished in comparison to the other young men your age?⁴¹ If that happened,⁴² you would endanger my life⁴³ with the king!” ^1:11Daniel then spoke to the warden⁴⁴ whom the overseer of the court officials had appointed over Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: ^1:12“Please test your servants for ten days by providing us with some vegetables to eat and water to drink. ^1:13Then compare our appearance⁴⁵ with that of⁴⁶ the young men who are eating the royal delicacies;⁴⁷ deal with us⁴⁸ in light of what you see.” ^1:14So the warden⁴⁹ agreed to their proposal⁵⁰ and tested them for ten⁵¹ days.

^1:15At the end of the ten days their appearance was better and their bodies were healthier⁵² than all the young men who had been eating the royal delicacies. ^1:16So the warden removed the delicacies and the wine⁵³ from their diet⁵⁴ and gave them a diet of vegetables instead.

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Footnotes

35 Heb “placed on his heart.”
36 Or “would not make himself ceremonially unclean”; “become ritually unclean.” Various reasons have been suggested as to why such food would defile Daniel. Perhaps it had to do with violations of Mosaic law with regard to unclean foods, or perhaps it had to do with such food having been offered to idols. Daniel’s practice in this regard is strikingly different from that of Esther, who was able successfully to conceal her Jewish identity.
37 Heb “with the delicacies of the king and with the wine of his drinking.”
38 Heb “Then God granted Daniel loyal love and compassion before the overseer of the court officials.” The expression “loyal love and compassion” is a hendiadys; the two words combine to express one idea.
39 Heb “The overseer of the court officials.” The subject has been specified in the translation for the sake of clarity.
40 Heb “assigned.” See v. 5.
41 Heb “Why should he see your faces thin from the young men who are according to your age?” The term translated “thin” occurs only here and in Gen 40:6, where it appears to refer to a dejected facial expression. The word is related to an Arabic root meaning “be weak.” See II זעף.
42 The words “if that happened” are not in the Hebrew text but have been added in the translation for clarity.
43 Heb “my head.” Presumably this is an implicit reference to capital punishment (cf. , , , ), although this is not entirely clear.
44 Having failed to convince the overseer, Daniel sought the favor of the warden whom the overseer had appointed to care for the young men.
45 Heb “let our appearance be seen before you.”
46 Heb “the appearance of.”
47 Heb “delicacies of the king.” So also in v. 15.
48 Heb “your servants.”
49 Heb “he”; the referent (the warden mentioned in v. 11) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
50 Heb “listened to them with regard to this matter.”
51 The number ten is sometimes used in the OT as an ideal number of completeness. Cf. v. 20; Zech 8:23; Rev 2:10.
52 Heb “fat of flesh”; , “fatter in flesh”; , “fatter” (although this is no longer a sign of health in Western culture).
53 Heb “the wine of their drinking.”
54 The words “from their diet” are not in the Hebrew text but have been added in the translation for clarity.