Acts 24–25

Footnotes

1. 1 Ananias was in office from a.d. 47–59.
2. 2 The term refers to a professional advocate ( ῥήτωρ).
3. 3 Grk “an attorney, a certain Tertullus.”
4. 4 Grk “who” (plural). Because in English the relative pronoun “who” could be understood to refer only to the attorney Tertullus and not to the entire group, it has been replaced with the third person plural pronoun “they.” “And” has been supplied to provide the connection to the preceding clause.
5. 5 ἐμφανίζω 3 has “ἐ. τινὶ κατά τινος bring formal charges against someone … Ac 24:1; 25:2.”
6. 6 Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
7. 7 Or “began to bring charges, saying.”
8. 8 Grk “experienced much peace.”
9. 9 Grk “through you” (“rule” is implied).
10. 10 This term is used only once in the NT (a ). It refers to improvements in internal administration ( διόρθωμα).
11. 11 Or “being made for this people.”
12. 12 References to peaceful rule, reforms, and the governor’s foresight in the opening address by Tertullus represent an attempt to praise the governor and thus make him favorable to the case. Actual descriptions of his rule portray him as inept (Tacitus, Annals 12.54; Josephus, 2.13.2–7 [2.253–270]).
13. 13 Most excellent Felix. See the note on Felix in .
14. 14 Grk “in every way and everywhere.”
15. 15 Or “with complete thankfulness.” εὐχαριστία 1 has “μετὰ πάσης εὐ.… with all gratitude Ac 24:3.” L&N 31.26 has “ ‘we acknowledge this anywhere and everywhere with complete thankfulness’ Ac 24:3.”
16. 16 Or “may not weary.” ἐγκόπτω states, “ἵνα μή ἐπὶ πλεῖόν σε ἐγκόπτω Ac 24:4 is understood by . and Armen. versions to mean in order not to weary you any further; cp. ἔγκοπος weary Diog. L. 4, 50; ; and ἔγκοπον ποιεῖν to weary Job 19:2; Is 43:23. But impose on is also prob.; detain .”
17. 17 Or “request.”
18. 18 This term is another NT ( συντόμως 2). Tertullus was asking for a brief hearing, and implying to the governor that he would speak briefly and to the point.
19. 19 ἐπιείκεια has “τῇ σῇ ἐ. with your (customary) indulgence Ac 24:4.”
20. 20 Grk “For having found.” The participle εὑρόντες (heurontes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
21. 21 L&N 22.6 has “(a figurative extension of meaning of λοιμός ‘plague,’ 23.158) one who causes all sorts of trouble—‘troublemaker, pest.’ … ‘for we have found this man to be a troublemaker” Ac 24:5.”
22. 22 Or “dissensions.” While στάσις 3 translates this phrase “κινεῖν στάσεις (v.l. στάσιν) τισί create dissension among certain people Ac 24:5,” it is better on the basis of the actual results of Paul’s ministry to categorize this usage under section 2, “uprising, riot, revolt, rebellion” (cf. the use in Acts 19:40).
23. 23 This term is yet another NT ( πρωτοστάτης). A ringleader. Tertullus’ basic argument was that Paul was a major disturber of the public peace. To ignore this the governor would be shunning his duty to preserve the peace and going against the pattern of his rule. In effect, Tertullus claimed that Paul was seditious (a claim the governor could not afford to ignore).
24. 24 The sect of the Nazarenes is a designation for followers of Jesus the Nazarene, that is, Christians.
25. 25 Grk “who.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) was replaced by the third person singular pronoun (“he”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.
26. 26 Or “profane” ( βεβηλόω). The term was also used of profaning the Sabbath.
27. 27 Or “seized.” Grk “whom also we arrested.” Because of the awkwardness of a relative clause in English at this point, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the pronoun “him” as object of the verb.
28. 28 Some later include some material at the end of v. 6, all of 24:7, and some material at the beginning of v. 8: “and we wanted to judge him according to our law. 24:7 But Lysias the commanding officer came and took him out of our hands with a great deal of violence, 24:8 ordering those who accused him to come before you.” Acts 24:6b, 7, and 8a are lacking in 𝔓74 א A B H L P 049 81 1175 1241 and a few versional witnesses. They are included (with a few minor variations) in E Ψ 33 323 614 945 1505 1739 and a few versional witnesses. This verse (and parts of verses) is most likely not a part of the original text of Acts, for not only is it lacking from the better witnesses, there is no easy explanation as to how such could be missing from them. The present translation follows in omitting the verse number, a procedure also followed by a number of other modern translations.
29. 29 Or “question.”
30. 30 Grk “From whom when you examine him yourself, you will be able to learn …” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the third person singular pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun at the beginning of v. 8 in the translation.
31. 31 Grk “about all these things of which we are accusing him.” This has been simplified to eliminate the relative pronoun (“of which”) in the translation.
32. 32 Grk “joined in the attack,” but the adjective “verbal” has been supplied to clarify that this was not another physical assault on Paul. The verb is another NT ( συνεπιτίθημι).
33. 33 Or “asserting” ( φάσκω).
34. 34 Grk “knowing.” The participle ἐπιστάμενος (epistamenos) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.
35. 35 “Because … defense.” Paul also paid an indirect compliment to the governor, implying that he would be fair in his judgment.
36. 36 ἐπιγινώσκω 2.c has “notice, perceive, learn of, ascertain … Also as legal t.t. ascertain (2 Macc 14:9) τὶ Ac 23:28; cp. 24:8. W. ὅτι foll. Ac 24:11.” “Verify” is an English synonym for “ascertain.”
37. 37 Grk “it is not more than twelve days from when.” This has been simplified to “not more than twelve days ago.” Part of Paul’s defense is that he would not have had time to organize a revolt, since he had arrived in Jerusalem not more than twelve days ago.
38. 38 For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
39. 39 Or “disputing,” “conducting a heated discussion.”
40. 40 ἐπίστασις 2 has “ἐ. ποιεῖν ὄχλου to cause a crowd to gather Ac 24:12.” Roman authorities would not allow a mob to gather and threaten the peace, and anyone suspected of instigating a mob would certainly be arrested.
41. 41 Grk “in the temple.” This is actually a reference to the courts surrounding the temple proper, and has been translated accordingly.
42. 42 See the note on synagogue in .
43. 43 A second part of Paul’s defense is that he did nothing while he was in Jerusalem to cause unrest, neither arguing nor stirring up a crowd in the temple courts or in the synagogues or throughout the city.
44. 44 παρίστημι/παριστάνω 1.f has “οὐδὲ παραστῆσαι δύνανταί σοι περὶ ὦν νυνὶ κατηγοροῦσίν μου nor can they prove to you the accusations they are now making against me Ac 24:13.” Nor can they prove. This is a formal legal claim that Paul’s opponents lacked proof of any wrongdoing. They had no witness who could justify the arrest at the temple.
45. 45 The words “the things” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
46. 46 Grk “nor can they prove to you [the things] about which they are now accusing me.” This has been simplified to eliminate the relative pronoun (“which”) in the translation.
47. 47 Or “serve.”
48. 48 Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”
49. 49 That is, the law of Moses. Paul was claiming that he legitimately worshiped the God of Israel. He was arguing that this amounted to a religious dispute rather than a political one, so that the Roman authorities need not concern themselves with it.
50. 50 Grk “having.” The participle ἔχων (echōn) has been translated as a finite verb and a new sentence begun at this point in the translation because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence.
51. 51 This mention of Paul’s hope sets up his appeal to the resurrection of the dead. At this point Paul was ignoring the internal Jewish dispute between the Pharisees (to which he had belonged) and the Sadducees (who denied there would be a resurrection of the dead).
52. 52 Grk “a hope in God (which these [men] themselves accept too).” Because the antecedent of the relative pronoun “which” is somewhat unclear in English, the words “a hope” have been repeated at the beginning of the parenthesis for clarity.
53. 53 Grk “that they”; the referent (these men, Paul’s accusers) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
54. 54 Or “the unjust.” This is the only mention of the resurrection of the unrighteous in Acts. The idea parallels the idea of Jesus as the judge of both the living and the dead (Acts 10:42; 17:31).
55. 55 ἐν 9.a, “ἐν τούτῳ πιστεύομεν this is the reason why we believe Jn 16:30; cp. Ac 24:16.”
56. 56 διά 2.a, “διὰ παντός … always, continually, constantly … Ac 2:25 (Ps 16:8); 10:2; 24:16.” However, the positioning of the adverb “always” in the English translation is difficult; the position used is one of the least awkward.
57. 57 ἀπρόσκοπος 1 has “ἀ. συνείδησις a clear conscience Ac 24:16.”
58. 58 Grk “men,” but this is a generic use (Paul does not have only males in view).
59. 59 ἔτος has “διʼ ἐ. πλειόνων after several years 24:17.”
60. 60 Grk “to bring alms,” but the term “alms” is not in common use today, so the closest modern equivalent, “gifts for the poor,” is used instead.
61. 61 Or “sacrifices.” προσφορά 1 has “προσφοράς ποιεῖν have sacrifices made Ac 24:17,” but this may be overly specific. It is not clear from the immediate context whether the offering of sacrificial animals (so assumes) or offerings of some other sort (such as financial gifts) are in view. The combination with ἐλεημοσύνας (eleēmosunas) in the preceding clause may suggest monetary offerings. Some have suggested this is an allusion to the payments made by Paul on behalf of the four other men mentioned in Acts 21:23–26, but the text here seems to suggest something Paul had planned to do before he came, while the decision to pay for the expenses of the men in 21:23ff. was made at the suggestion of the Jerusalem leadership after he arrived. In either case, Paul was portraying himself as a pious worshiper of his God.
62. 62 Ritually purified. Paul’s claim here is that he was honoring the holiness of God by being sensitive to issues of ritual purity. Not only was he not guilty of the charges against him, but he was thoroughly devout.
63. 63 θόρυβος 3.b has “μετὰ θορύβου … with a disturbance Ac 24:18.”
64. 64 Grk “Asia”; in the NT this always refers to the Roman province of Asia, made up of about one-third of the west and southwest end of modern Asia Minor. Asia lay to the west of the region of Phrygia and Galatia. The words “the province of” are supplied to indicate to the modern reader that this does not refer to the continent of Asia.
65. 65 κατηγορέω 1 states, “nearly always as legal t.t.: bring charges in court.” L&N 33.427 states for κατηγορέω (katēgoreō), “to bring serious charges or accusations against someone, with the possible connotation of a legal or court context—‘to accuse, to bring charges.’ ” Who should be here … and bring charges. Paul was asking, where were those who brought about his arrest and claimed he broke the law? His accusers were not really present. This subtle point raised the issue of injustice.
66. 66 Grk “these [men] themselves.”
67. 67 Or “unrighteous act.”
68. 68 The words “me guilty of” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. L&N 88.23 has “αὐτοὶ οὗτοι εἰπάτωσαν τί εὗρον ἀδίκημα στάντος μου ‘let these men themselves tell what unrighteous act they found me guilty of’ Ac 24:20.”
69. 69 Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).
70. 70 ἤ 2.c has “οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἤ nothing else than … Ac 17:21. τί … ἤ what other … than … 24:21.”
71. 71 Grk “one utterance.”
72. 72 Cf. ἐν 1.e, which has “before, in the presence of, etc.”
73. 73 The resurrection of the dead. Paul’s point was, what crime was there in holding this religious belief?
74. 74 See the note on Antonius Felix in .
75. 75 Grk “the things.”
76. 76 That is, concerning Christianity.
77. 77 ἀκριβῶς has “Comp. ἀκριβέστερον more exactly … ἀ. ἐκτίθεσθαι explain more exactly Ac 18:26, cp. 23:15, 20; also more accurately … 24:22.” Felix knew more about the Christian movement than what the Jewish leaders had told him.
78. 78 L&N 56.18 ἀναβάλλω has “to adjourn a court proceeding until a later time—‘to adjourn a hearing, to stop a hearing and put it off until later.’ … ‘then Felix, who was well informed about the Way, adjourned their hearing’ Ac 24:22.”
79. 79 διαγινώσκω 2 states, “to make a judicial decision, decide/hear (a case) … τὰ καθʼ ὑμᾶς decide your case Ac 24:22.”
80. 80 See the note on the word centurion in .
81. 81 Grk “that he was to be guarded.” The passive construction (τηρεῖσθαι, tēreisthai) has been converted to an active one in parallel with the following clauses, and the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
82. 82 ἄνεσις 1 states, “lit. relaxation of custodial control, some liberty, ἀ. ἔχειν have some freedom Ac 24:23.”
83. 83 Grk “any of his own” (this could also refer to relatives).
84. 84 Grk “from serving him.”
85. 85 See the note on Antonius Felix in .
86. 86 It is possible that Drusilla, being Jewish, was the source of Felix’s knowledge about the new movement called Christianity. The youngest daughter of Herod Agrippa I and sister of Agrippa II, she would have been close to 20 years old at the time. She had married the king of a small region in Syria but divorced him at the age of 16 to marry Felix. This was her second marriage and Felix’s third (Josephus, 19.9.1 [19.354], 20.7.2 [20.141–144]). As a member of Herod’s family, she probably knew about the Way.
87. 87 The word “speak” is implied; ἀκούω 1.c has “ἤκουσεν αὐτοῦ περὶ τῆς … πίστεως he heard him speak about faith Ac 24:24.”
88. 88 Or “Messiah Jesus”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”
89. 89 Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
90. 90 Or “speaking about.”
91. 91 Grk “and self-control.” This καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more. The topic of self-control was appropriate in view of the personal history of both Felix and Drusilla (see the note on “Drusilla” in the previous verse), and might well account for Felix’s anxiety.
92. 92 See the note on Felix in .
93. 93 Grk “becoming.” The participle γενόμενος (genomenos) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
94. 94 Or “when I find time.” μεταλαμβάνω 2 has “καιρὸν μ. have an opportunity = find time … Ac 24:25.”
95. 95 Grk “he was hoping that money would be given to him by Paul.” To simplify the translation, the passive construction has been converted to an active one. Would give him money. That is, would offer him a bribe in exchange for his release. Such practices were fairly common among Roman officials of the period (Josephus, 2.12.3 [2.272–274]).
96. 96 Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
97. 97 “As often as possible” reflects the comparative form of the adjective πυκνός (puknos); see BDAG 897 πυκνός, which has “Neut. of the comp. πυκνότερον as adv. more often, more frequently and in an elative sense very often, quite frequently … also as often as possible … Ac 24:26.”
98. 98 On this term, which could mean “conferred with him,” see ὁμιλέω.
99. 99 Grk “After a two-year period.”
100. 100 Porcius Festus was the procurator of Palestine who succeeded Felix; neither the beginning nor the end of his rule (at his death) can be determined with certainty, although he appears to have died in office after about two years. Nero recalled Felix in a.d. 57 or 58, and Festus was appointed to his vacant office in a.d. 57, 58, or 59. According to Josephus ( 20.8.9–10 [20.182–188]; 2.14.1 [2.271–272]), his administration was better than that of his predecessor Felix or his successor Albinus, but Luke in Acts portrays him in a less favorable light: He was willing to sacrifice Paul to court Jewish favor by taking him to Jerusalem for trial (v. 9), regardless of Paul’s guilt or innocence. The one characteristic for which Festus was noted is that he dealt harshly with those who disturbed the peace.
101. 101 Grk “Felix received as successor Porcius Festus.” See the note on Felix in .
102. 102 Grk “left Paul imprisoned.” Felix left Paul in prison. Luke makes the point that politics got in the way of justice here; keeping Paul in prison was a political favor to the Jews.
103. 1 οὖν 2.b states, “οὖν serves to indicate a transition to someth. new … now, then, well … Ac 25:1.”
104. 2 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
105. 3 For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
106. 4 Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in . This was a journey of 65 mi (just over 100 km). For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
107. 5 πρῶτος 2.a.β has “οἱ πρῶτοι the most prominent men, the leading men of the place … or of a group … οἱ πρ. τοῦ λαοῦ … Lk 19:47; cp. Ac 25:2; 28:17.”
108. 6 ἐμφανίζω 3 has “ἐ. τινὶ κατά τινος bring formal charges against someone … Ac 24:1; 25:2.” Note how quickly the Jewish leadership went after Paul: They brought formal charges against him within three days of Festus’ arrival in the province.
109. 7 Grk “Requesting a favor against him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation, the understood direct object of “requesting” has been supplied, and the phrase “to do them” supplied for clarity.
110. 8 Grk “him”; the referent (Festus) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The words “they urged him” are in v. 2 in the Greek text.
111. 9 Planning an ambush. The Jewish leadership had not forgotten the original plan of several years ago (see 23:16). They did not trust the Roman legal process, but preferred to take matters into their own hands.
112. 10 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
113. 11 Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in .
114. 12 The word “there” is not in the Greek text but is implied.
115. 13 Grk “let those who are influential among you” (i.e., the powerful).
116. 14 The word “there” is not in the Greek text, but is implied.
117. 15 Grk “and if there is anything wrong with this man,” but this could be misunderstood in English to mean a moral or physical defect, while the issue in context is the commission of some crime, something legally improper ( ἄτοπος 2).
118. 16 κατηγορέω 1 states, “nearly always as legal t.t.: bring charges in court.” L&N 33.427 states for κατηγορέω, “to bring serious charges or accusations against someone, with the possible connotation of a legal or court context—‘to accuse, to bring charges.”
119. 17 Grk “he”; the referent (Festus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
120. 18 Grk “Having stayed.” The participle διατρίψας (diatripsas) has been taken temporally.
121. 19 Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in . For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
122. 20 Grk “sitting down … he ordered.” The participle καθίσας (kathisas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
123. 21 Although βῆμα 3 gives the meaning “tribunal” for this verse, and a number of modern translations use similar terms (“court,” ; “tribunal,” ), since the bēma was a standard feature in Greco-Roman cities of the time, there is no need for an alternative translation here. The judgment seat (βῆμα, bēma) was a raised platform mounted by steps and sometimes furnished with a seat, used by officials in addressing an assembly or making pronouncements, often on judicial matters. The judgment seat was a familiar item in Greco-Roman culture, often located in the agora, the public square or marketplace in the center of a city.
124. 22 περιίστημι 1.a has “περιέστησαν αὐτὸν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι the Judeans stood around him 25:7.”
125. 23 Grk “many and serious.” The term βαρύς (barus) refers to weighty or serious charges ( 1).
126. 24 The term ἀποδείκνυμι (apodeiknumi) in a legal context refers to legal proof (4 Macc 1:8; 3).
127. 25 Grk “Paul saying in his defense”; the participle ἀπολογουμένου (apologoumenou) could be taken temporally (“when Paul said …”), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the participle was translated as a finite verb and a new sentence begun here in the translation. ἀπολογέομαι has “W. ὅτι foll. τοῦ Παύλου ἀπολογουμένου, ὅτι when Paul said in his defense (direct quot. foll.) Ac 25:8.”
128. 26 Grk “I have sinned … in nothing.”
129. 27 Grk “against the law of the Jews.” Here τῶν Ἰουδαίων has been translated as an attributive genitive. The Jewish law refers to the law of Moses.
130. 28 Or “against the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor). Paul’s threefold claim to be innocent with respect to the law … the temple and Caesar argues that he has not disturbed the peace at any level. This was the standard charge made against early Christians (Luke 23:2; Acts 17:6–7). The charges here are emphatically denied, with the Greek conjunction oute repeated before each charge.
131. 29 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
132. 30 Or “stand trial.”
133. 31 Grk “concerning these things.”
134. 32 Grk “said.”
135. 33 Or “before the emperor’s” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
136. 34 Although BDAG 175 βῆμα 3 gives the meaning “tribunal” for this verse, and a number of modern translations use similar terms (“court,” ; “tribunal,” ), since the bema was a standard feature in Greco-Roman cities of the time, there is no need for an alternative translation here. Here of course Paul’s reference to “Caesar’s judgment seat” is a form of metonymy; since Festus is Caesar’s representative, Festus’ judgment seat represents Caesar’s own. The judgment seat (βῆμα, bēma) was a raised platform mounted by steps and sometimes furnished with a seat, used by officials in addressing an assembly or making pronouncements, often on judicial matters. The judgment seat was a familiar item in Greco-Roman culture, often located in the agora, the public square or marketplace in the center of a city.
137. 35 That is, tried by an imperial representative and subject to Roman law.
138. 36 “I have done nothing wrong.” Here is yet another declaration of total innocence on Paul’s part.
139. 37 καλῶς 7 states, “comp. κάλλιον (for the superl., as Galen, Protr. 8 p. 24, 19J.=p. 10, 31 Kaibel; s. B-D-F §244, 2) ὡς καί σὺ κ. ἐπιγινώσκεις as also you know very well Ac 25:10.”
140. 38 ἀδικέω 1.b has “intr. be in the wrong (Ex 2:13) εἰ ἀδικῶ Ac 25:11.”
141. 39 παραιτέομαι 2.b.β, “οὐ παραιτοῦμαι τὸ ἀποθανεῖν I am not trying to escape death Ac 25:11 (cp. Jos., Vi. 141).” To avoid redundancy in the translation, the English gerund “dying” is used to translate the Greek infinitive ἀποθανεῖν (apothanein).
142. 40 Or “but if there is nothing to their charges against me.” Both “if” clauses in this verse are first class conditions. Paul stated the options without prejudice, assuming in turn the reality of each for the sake of the argument.
143. 41 That is, no one can hand me over to them lawfully. Paul was aware of the dangers of a return to Jerusalem.
144. 42 Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor). The appeal to Caesar was known as the provocatio ad Caesarem. It was a Roman citizen’s right to ask for a direct judgment by the emperor (Pliny the Younger, Letters 10.96). It was one of the oldest rights of Roman citizens.
145. 43 That is, with his advisers.
146. 44 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
147. 45 Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
148. 46 Or “to the emperor.”
149. 47 “To Caesar you will go!” In all probability Festus was pleased to send Paul on to Rome and get this political problem out of his court.
150. 48 King Agrippa was Herod Agrippa II (a.d. 27–92/93), son of Herod Agrippa I (see Acts 12:1). He ruled over parts of Palestine from a.d. 53 until his death. His sister Bernice was widowed when her second husband, Herod King of Chalcis, died in a.d. 48. From then she lived with her brother. In an attempt to quiet rumors of an incestuous relationship between them, she resolved to marry Polemo of Cilicia, but she soon left him and returned to Herod Agrippa II. Their incestuous relationship became the gossip of Rome according to Josephus ( 20.7.3 [20.145–147]). The visit of Agrippa and Bernice gave Festus the opportunity to get some internal Jewish advice. Herod Agrippa II was a trusted adviser because he was known to be very loyal to Rome (Josephus, 2.16.4 [2.345–401]).
151. 49 Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in . For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
152. 50 ἀσπάζομαι 1.b states, “Of official visits pay one’s respects to … Ac 25:13.”
153. 51 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
154. 52 ὡς 8.b states, “w. pres. or impf. while, when, as long as … Ac 1:10; 7:23; 9:23; 10:17; 13:25; 19:9; 21:27; 25:14.”
155. 53 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
156. 54 Grk “Festus laid Paul’s case before the king for consideration.” ἀνατίθημι 2 states, “otherw. only mid. to lay someth. before someone for consideration, declare, communicate, refer the added idea that the pers. to whom a thing is ref. is asked for his opinion lay someth. before someone for consideration … Ac 25:14.”
157. 55 For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
158. 56 ἐμφανίζω 3 has “to convey a formal report about a judicial matter, present evidence, bring charges … ἐ. περί τινος concerning someone 25:15.”
159. 57 Grk “about whom.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced with a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence started in the translation at the beginning of v. 15 (where the phrase περὶ οὗ [peri hou] occurs in the Greek text).
160. 58 καταδίκη states, “condemnation, sentence of condemnation, conviction, guilty verdict … αἰτεῖσθαι κατά τινος κ. ask for a conviction of someone Ac 25:15.”
161. 59 Grk “to whom I answered.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced with a personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence started in the translation at the beginning of v. 16. “I answered them.” In the answer that follows, Festus is portrayed in a more positive light, being sensitive to justice and Roman law.
162. 60 Grk “any man.” This is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anthrōpos).
163. 61 Or “has met his accusers in person.”
164. 62 Grk “and receives.”
165. 63 Or “indictment” (a legal technical term). ἔγκλημα 1 states, “legal t.t.… ἀπολογία περὶ τοῦ ἐ. defense against the accusation Ac 25:16.” L&N 56.6 defines ἔγκλημα (enklēma) as “(a technical, legal term) a formal indictment or accusation brought against someone—‘indictment, accusation, case.’ … ‘and might receive an opportunity for a defense against the indictment’ Ac 25:16.”
166. 64 συνέρχομαι 2 states, “συνελθόντων ἐνθάδε prob. means (because of συνκαταβάντες 25:5) they came back here with (me) 25:17.”
167. 65 ἀναβολή states, “ ‘delay’ … legal t.t. postponement … ἀ. μηδεμίαν ποιησάμενος I did not postpone the matter Ac 25:17.” “Case” has been supplied instead of “matter” since it is more specific to the context. The participle ποιησάμενος (poiēsamenos) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
168. 66 Grk “sitting … I ordered.” The participle καθίσας (kathisas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
169. 67 Although βῆμα 3 gives the meaning “tribunal” for this verse, and a number of modern translations use similar terms (“court,” ; “tribunal,” ), since the bema was a standard feature in Greco-Roman cities of the time, there is no need for an alternative translation here. The judgment seat (βῆμα, bēma) was a raised platform mounted by steps and sometimes furnished with a seat, used by officials in addressing an assembly or making pronouncements, often on judicial matters. The judgment seat was a familiar item in Greco-Roman culture, often located in the agora, the public square or marketplace in the center of a city.
170. 68 Grk “they brought no charge of any of the evil deeds.” αἰτία 3.b has “αἰτίαν φέρειν … bring an accusation Ac 25:18.” Since κατήγοροι (katēgoroi, “accusers”) in the previous clause is somewhat redundant with this, “charge” was used instead.
171. 69 Or “I was expecting.”
172. 70 Grk “several controversial issues.” ζήτημα states, “in our lit. only in Ac, the mng. it still has in Mod. Gk. (controversial) question, issue, argument … Ac 15:2; 26:3. ζ. περί τινος questions about someth.… 18:15; 25:19.”
173. 71 On this term see δεισιδαιμονία 2. It is a broad term for religion. About their own religion. Festus made it clear that in his view as a neutral figure (and as one Luke had noted was disposed to help the Jews), he saw no guilt in Paul. The issue was a simple religious dispute.
174. 72 Grk “a certain Jesus.”
175. 73 Or “asserted.”
176. 74 Or “Because I was undecided.” Grk “Being at a loss.” The participle ἀπορούμενος (aporoumenos) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.
177. 75 L&N 27.34 states, “ἀπορούμενος δὲ ἐγὼ τὴν περὶ τούτων ζήτησιν ‘I was undecided about how I could get information on these matters’ Ac 25:20. The clause ‘about how I could get information on these matters’ may also be rendered as ‘about how I should try to find out about these matters’ or ‘about how I could learn about these matters.’ ”
178. 76 Or “stand trial.”
179. 77 Grk “on these things.”
180. 78 A designation of the Roman emperor (in this case, Nero). σεβαστός states, “ὁ Σεβαστός His Majesty the Emperor Ac 25:21, 25 (of Nero).” It was a translation into Greek of the Latin “Augustus.”
181. 79 Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
182. 80 See the note on King Agrippa in .
183. 81 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
184. 82 Grk “said.”
185. 83 See the note on King Agrippa in .
186. 84 Or “great pageantry” ( φαντασία; the term is a NT ). Agrippa and Bernice came with great pomp. The “royals” were getting their look at Paul. Everyone who was anyone would have been there.
187. 85 Or “auditorium.” “Auditorium” may suggest to the modern English reader a theater where performances are held. Here it is the large hall where a king or governor would hold audiences. Paul once spoke of himself as a “spectacle” to the world (1 Cor 4:8–13).
188. 86 Grk “the chiliarchs” (officers in command of a thousand soldiers). In Greek the term χιλίαρχος (chiliarchos) literally described the “commander of a thousand,” but it was used as the standard translation for the Latin tribunus militum or tribunus militare, the military tribune who commanded a cohort of 600 men.
189. 87 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
190. 88 Grk “and Festus ordering, Paul was brought in.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun in the translation, and καί (kai) has not been translated. The participle κελεύσαντος (keleusantos) has been taken temporally.
191. 89 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
192. 90 See the note on King Agrippa in .
193. 91 Probably best understood as rhetorical hyperbole. πλῆθος 2.b.γ states, “people, populace, population … τὸ πλῆθος the populace … ἅπαν τὸ πλ. τῶν Ἰουδαίων Ac 25:24.” However, the actions of the leadership are seen by Luke as representing the actions of the entire nation, so the remark is not inaccurate.
194. 92 Or “appealed to” ( ἐντυγχάνω 1.a).
195. 93 For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
196. 94 Here means “here in Caesarea.”
197. 95 Or “screaming.”
198. 96 He had done nothing that deserved death. Festus’ opinion of Paul’s guilt is like Pilate’s of Jesus (Luke 23:4, 14, 22).
199. 97 The participle ἐπικαλεσαμένου (epikalesamenou) has been taken temporally. It could also be translated as causal: “and because he appealed …”
200. 98 A designation of the Roman emperor (in this case, Nero). σεβαστός states, “ὁ Σεβαστός His Majesty the Emperor Ac 25:21, 25 (of Nero).”
201. 99 The word “him” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
202. 100 There is irony here. How can Festus write anything definite about Paul, if he is guilty of nothing.
203. 101 To my lord means “to His Majesty the Emperor.”
204. 102 Grk “about whom I have nothing definite …” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced with a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun in the translation at the beginning of v. 26.
205. 103 See the note on King Agrippa in .
206. 104 Or “investigation.” ἀνάκρισις has “a judicial hearing, investigation, hearing, esp. preliminary hearing … τῆς ἀ. γενομένης Ac 25:26.” This is technical legal language.
207. 105 L&N 33.153 σημαίνω, “to cause something to be both specific and clear—‘to indicate clearly, to make clear’ … ‘for it seems unreasonable to me to send a prisoner without clearly indicating the charges against him’ Ac 25:27.” Without clearly indicating the charges against him. Again the point is made by Festus himself that there is difficulty even in articulating a charge against Paul.