Revelation 13:5–18

Footnotes

1. 15 Grk “and there was given to him.” Here the passive construction has been simplified, the referent (the beast) has been specified for clarity, and καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
2. 16 For the translation “proud words” (Grk “great things” or “important things”) see μέγας 4.b.
3. 17 Grk “to it was granted.”
4. 18 For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.
5. 19 Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the permission granted to the beast.
6. 20 Grk “he” (or “it”); the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
7. 21 The reading “and his dwelling place” does not occur in codex C, but its omission is probably due to scribal oversight since the phrase has the same ending as the phrase before it, i.e., they both end in “his” (αὐτοῦ, autou). This is similar to the mistake this scribe made in 12:14 with the omission of the reading “and half a time” (καὶ ἥμισυ καιροῦ, kai hēmisu kairou).
8. 22 Grk “and it was given to him to go to war.” Here the passive construction has been simplified, the referent (the beast) has been specified for clarity, and καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
9. 23 Many omit the phrase “it was given to make war with the saints and to overcome them” (𝔓47 A C 2053 𝔐A sa). It is, however, found in 𝔓115vid א 051 1006 (1611) 1841 (1854) 2329 2344 2351 (𝔐K) lat syph,(h) bo. Although the evidence is somewhat in favor of the shorter reading, the support of 𝔓115 (a recently-discovered ) for the longer reading balances things out. Normally, the shorter reading should be given preference. However, in an instance in which homoioteleuton could play a role, caution must be exercised. In this passage, accidental omission is quite likely. That this could have happened seems apparent from the two occurrences of the identical phrase “and it was given to him” (καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ, kai edothē autō) in v. 7. The scribe’s eye skipped over the first καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ and went to the second, hence creating an accidental omission of eleven words.
10. 24 For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.
11. 25 Grk “and people,” but καί (kai) has not been translated here or before the following term since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
12. 26 Grk “it”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
13. 27 The prepositional phrase “since the foundation of the world” is traditionally translated as a modifier of the immediately preceding phrase in the Greek text, “the Lamb who was killed” (so also G. B. Caird, Revelation [], 168), but it is more likely that the phrase “since the foundation of the world” modifies the verb “written” (as translated above). Confirmation of this can be found in Rev 17:8 where the phrase “written in the book of life since the foundation of the world” occurs with no ambiguity.
14. 28 Or “slaughtered”; traditionally, “slain.”
15. 29 Many (C 051* 2351 𝔐A ) read “if anyone will kill with the sword, it is necessary for him to be killed with the sword” (εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτενεῖ, δεῖ αὐτὸν ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτανθῆναι). Other (א 1006 1611* 1854 al) are similar except that they read a present tense “kills” (ἀποκτείνει, apokteinei) in this sentence. Both of these variants may be regarded as essentially saying the same thing. On the other hand, codex A reads “if anyone is to be killed by the sword, he is to be killed by the sword” (εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτανθῆναι αὐτὸν ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτανθῃναι). Thus the first two variants convey the idea of retribution, while the last variant, supported by codex A, does not. (There are actually a dozen variants here, evidence that scribes found the original text quite difficult. Only the most important variants are discussed in this note.) The first two variants seem to be in line with Jesus’ comments in Matt 26:52: “everyone who takes up the sword will die by the sword.” The last variant, however, seems to be taking up an idea found in Jer 15:2: “Those destined for death, to death; those for the sword, to the sword; those for starvation, to starvation; those for captivity, to captivity.” Though G. B. Caird, Revelation (), 169–70, gives four arguments in favor of the first reading (i.e., “whoever kills with the sword must with the sword be killed”), the arguments he puts forward can be read equally as well to support the latter alternative. In the end, the reading in codex A seems to be original. The fact that this sentence seems to be in parallel with 10a (which simply focuses on God’s will and suffering passively and is therefore akin to the reading in codex A), and that it most likely gave rise to the others as the most difficult reading, argues for its authenticity.
16. 30 On ὧδε (hōde) here, 2 states: “a ref. to a present event, object, or circumstance, in this case, at this point, on this occasion, under these circumstances … in this case moreover 1 Cor 4:2. ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν … Rv 13:18; cf. 17:9. ὧδέ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπομονή … 13:10; 14:12.”
17. 31 Or “perseverance.”
18. 32 Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.
19. 33 This second beast is identified in Rev 16:13 as “the false prophet.”
20. 34 Grk “and it had,” a continuation of the preceding sentence. On the use of the pronoun “he” to refer to the second beast, see the note on the word “It” in .
21. 35 Or perhaps, “like a ram.” Here L&N 4.25 states, “In the one context in the NT, namely, Re 13:11, in which ἀρνίον refers literally to a sheep, it is used in a phrase referring to the horns of an ἀρνίον. In such a context the reference is undoubtedly to a ‘ram,’ that is to say, the adult male of sheep.” In spite of this most translations render the word “lamb” here to maintain the connection between this false lamb and the true Lamb of the Book of Revelation, Jesus Christ.
22. 36 Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
23. 37 Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
24. 38 For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.
25. 39 For this meaning see ἐνώπιον 4.b, “by the authority of, on behalf of Rv 13:12, 14; 19:20.”
26. 40 Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
27. 41 This is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anthrōpos), referring to both men and women.
28. 42 Grk “earth, telling.” This is a continuation of the previous sentence in Greek. He told followed by an infinitive (“to make an image …”) is sufficiently ambiguous in Greek that it could be taken as “he ordered” (so ) or “he persuaded” (so ).
29. 43 Grk “it”; the referent (the second beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
30. 44 Grk “it was given [permitted] to it [the second beast].”
31. 45 Grk “breath,” but in context the point is that the image of the first beast is made to come to life and speak.
32. 46 Grk “of the beast”; the word “first” has been supplied to specify the referent.
33. 47 Or “forced”; Grk “makes” (ποιεῖ, poiei).
34. 48 See the note on the word “servants” in .
35. 49 Grk “and that no one be able to buy or sell.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation. Although the ἵνα (hina) is left untranslated, the English conjunction “thus” is used to indicate that this is a result clause.
36. 50 The word “things” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were frequently omitted in Greek when clear from the context. In the context of buying and selling, food could be primarily in view, but the more general “things” was used in the translation because the context is not specific.
37. 51 Grk “except the one who had.”
38. 52 Grk “his name or the number of his name.”
39. 53 Grk “Here is wisdom.”
40. 54 Grk “it is man’s number.” states “if ἀνθρώπου is generic, then the sense is, ‘It is [the] number of humankind.’ It is significant that this construction fits Apollonius’ Canon (i.e., both the head noun and the genitive are anarthrous), suggesting that if one of these nouns is definite, then the other is, too. Grammatically, those who contend that the sense is ‘it is [the] number of a man’ have the burden of proof on them (for they treat the head noun, ἀριθμός, as definite and the genitive, ἀνθρώπου, as indefinite—the rarest of all possibilities). In light of Johannine usage, we might also add Rev 16:18, where the Seer clearly uses the anarthrous ἄνθρωπος in a generic sense, meaning ‘humankind.’ The implications of this grammatical possibility, exegetically speaking, are simply that the number ‘666’ is the number that represents humankind. Of course, an individual is in view, but his number may be the number representing all of humankind. Thus the Seer might be suggesting here that the antichrist, who is the best representative of humanity without Christ (and the best counterfeit of a perfect man that his master, that old serpent, could muster), is still less than perfection (which would have been represented by the number seven).” See G. K. Beale, Revelation, [], , who argues for the “generic” understanding of the noun; for an indefinite translation, see the and ESV which both translate the clause as “it is the number of a man.” The translation man’s number suggests that the beast’s number is symbolic of humanity in general, while the translation a man’s number suggests that it represents an individual.
41. 55 A few (𝔓115 C, along with a few known to Irenaeus {and two minuscule , 5 and 11, no longer extant}), read 616 here, and several other witnesses have other variations. Irenaeus’ mention of that have 616 is balanced by his rejection of such witnesses in this case. As intriguing as the reading 616 is (since the conversion of Nero Caesar’s name in Latin by way of gematria would come out to 616), it must remain suspect because such a reading seems motivated in that it conforms more neatly to Nero’s gematria.