Genesis 10:2–4

Footnotes

1. 4 The Greek form of the name Japheth, Iapetos, is used in Greek tradition for the ancestor of the Greeks.
2. 5 Gomer was the ancestor of the Cimmerians. For a discussion of the Cimmerians see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (), 49–61.
3. 6 For a discussion of various proposals concerning the descendants of Magog see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (), 22–24.
4. 7 Madai was the ancestor of the Medes, who lived east of Assyria.
5. 8 Javan was the father of the Hellenic race, the Ionians who lived in western Asia Minor.
6. 9 Tubal was the ancestor of militaristic tribes that lived north of the Black Sea. For a discussion of ancient references to Tubal see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (), 24–26.
7. 10 Meshech was the ancestor of the people known in Assyrian records as the Musku. For a discussion of ancient references to them see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (), 24–26.
8. 11 Tiras was the ancestor of the Thracians, some of whom possibly became the Pelasgian pirates of the Aegean.
9. 12 The descendants of Gomer were all northern tribes of the Upper Euphrates.
10. 13 Askenaz was the ancestor of a northern branch of Indo-Germanic tribes, possibly Scythians. For discussion see E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (), 63.
11. 14 The descendants of Riphath lived in a district north of the road from Haran to Carchemish.
12. 15 Togarmah is also mentioned in Ezek 38:6, where it refers to Til-garimmu, the capital of Kammanu, which bordered Tabal in eastern Turkey. See E. M. Yamauchi, Foes from the Northern Frontier (), 26, n. 28.
13. 16 The descendants of Elishah populated Cyprus.
14. 17 The descendants of Tarshish settled along the southern coast of what is modern Turkey. However, some identify the site Tarshish (see Jonah 1:3) with Sardinia or Spain.
15. 18 The name Kittim is associated with Cyprus, as well as coastlands east of Rhodes. It is used in later texts to refer to the Romans.
16. 19 Most of the read “Dodanim” here, but 1 Chr 1:7 has “Rodanim,” perhaps referring to the island of Rhodes. But the Qere reading in 1 Chr 1:7 suggests “Dodanim.” Dodona is one of the most ancient and revered spots in ancient Greece.