Ezra 1:9–10

Footnotes

1. 27 Heb “these are their number.”
2. 28 The exact meaning of the Hebrew noun אֲגַרְטָל (’agartal, which occurs twice in this verse) is somewhat uncertain. The lexicons suggest that it is related to a common Semitic root (the Hebrew derivative has a prosthetic prefixed א [aleph] and interchange between ג [gimel] and ק [kof]): Judean Aramaic and qartalla, Arabic qirtallat, Ethiopic qartalo, all meaning “basket” ( 173–74 ; ). There is debate whether this is a loanword from Greek κάρταλλος (kartallos, “basket”), Persian hirtal (“leather bag”) or Hittite kurtal (“container”). The term is traditionally understood as a kind of vessel, such as “basket, basin” ( 173–74 ; ); but some suggest “leather bag” or a basket-shaped container of some sort (P. Humbert, “En marge du dictionnaire hébraïque,” 62 [1950]: 199–207; 1:118 ). The translated it as ψυκτήρ (psuktēr, “metal bowl”). The precise meaning depends on whether the nouns כֶּסֶף (kesef, “silver”) and זָהָב (zahav, “gold”), which follow each use of this plural construct noun, are genitives of content (“containers full of silver” and “containers full of gold”) or genitives of material (“silver containers” and “gold containers” = containers made from silver and gold). If they are genitives of content, the term probably means “baskets” or “leather bags” (filled with silver and gold); however, if they are genitives of material, the term would mean “basins” (made of silver and gold). Elsewhere in Ezra 1, the nouns כֶּסֶף (“silver”) and זָהָב (“gold”) are used as genitives or material, not genitives of contents; therefore, the translation “gold basins” and “silver basins” is preferred.
3. 29 Heb “knives.” The Hebrew noun מַחֲלָפִים (makhalafim, “knives”) is found only here in the OT. While the basic meaning of the term is fairly clear, what it refers to here is unclear. The verb II חָלַף (khalaf) means “to pass through” ( 322 חָלַף) or “to cut through” ( II חלף; see also Judg 5:26; Job 20:24); thus, the lexicons suggest מַחֲלָפִים means “knives” ( 322 מַחֲלָף; *מַחֲלָף). The related noun חֲלָפוֹת (khalafot, “knife”) is used in Mishnaic Hebrew ( II חלף), and חֲלִיפוֹת (khalifot, “knives”) appears in the Talmud. The noun appears in the cognate languages: Ugaritic khlpnm (“knives”; 19) and khalofta (“shearing knife”; II חלף). The translated it as “knives,” while the understood it as referring to replacement pieces for the offering basins. The English translations render it variously; some following the and others adopting the approach of the : “knives” (, , ), “censers” (), “duplicates” (), “silver pans” (), “bowls” (), “other dishes” (). Verse 11 lists these twenty-nine objects among the “gold and silver vessels” brought back to Jerusalem for temple worship. The translation above offers the intentionally ambiguous “silver utensils” (the term מַחֲלָפִים [“knives”] would hardly refer to “gold” items, but could refer to “silver items”).
4. 30 The meaning of the Hebrew term מִשְׁנִים (mishnim) is uncertain. The noun מִשְׁנֶה (mishneh) means “double, second” ( 1041 ), “what is doubled, two-fold” ( מִשְׁנֶה 3). The translations reflect a diversity of approaches: “410 silver bowls of a second kind” (, , margin), “410 other silver bowls” () and “410 matching silver bowls” (). 1041 משׁנה 3.a suggests it was originally a numeral that was garbled in the transmission process, as reflected in the : “two thousand” (so : “two thousand four hundred and ten bowls of silver”). The editor suggests revocalizing the term to מְשֻׁנִים (méshunim, “changed”).