Exodus 20:18–21

Footnotes

1. 42 The participle is used here for durative action in the past time ( §116.o).
2. 43 The verb “to see” (רָאָה, ra’ah) refers to seeing with all the senses, or perceiving. W. C. Kaiser suggests that this is an example of the figure of speech called zeugma because the verb “saw” yokes together two objects, one that suits the verb and the other that does not. So, the verb “heard” is inserted here to clarify (“Exodus,” 2:).
3. 44 The verb “saw” is supplied here because it is expected in English (see the previous note on “heard”).
4. 45 The preterite with vav (ו) consecutive is here subordinated as a temporal clause to the following clause, which receives the prominence.
5. 46 The meaning of נוּעַ (nua’) is “to shake, sway to and fro” in fear. Compare Isa 7:2—“and his heart shook … as the trees of the forest shake with the wind.”
6. 47 Heb “and they stood from/at a distance.”
7. 48 The verb is a Piel imperative. In this context it has more of the sense of a request than a command. The independent personal pronoun “you” emphasizes the subject and forms the contrast with God’s speaking.
8. 49 נַסּוֹת (nassot) is the Piel infinitive construct; it forms the purpose of God’s coming with all the accompanying phenomena. The verb can mean “to try, test, prove.” The sense of “prove” fits this context best because the terrifying phenomena were intended to put the fear of God in their hearts so that they would obey. In other words, God was inspiring them to obey, not simply testing to see if they would.
9. 50 The suffix on the noun is an objective genitive, referring to the fear that the people would have of God ( §135.m).
10. 51 The negative form לְבִלְתִּי (lévilti) is used here with the imperfect tense (see for other examples §152.x). This gives the imperfect the nuance of a final imperfect: that you might not sin. Others: to keep you from sin.
11. 52 Heb “and they stood”; the referent (the people) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
12. 53 The word עֲרָפֶל (’arafel) is used in poetry in Ps 18:9 and 1 Kgs 8:12; and it is used in Deut 4:11, 5:22 [19].
13. 54 It will not be hard to expound the passage on the Ten Commandments once their place in scripture has been determined. They, for the most part, are reiterated in the NT, in one way or another, usually with a much higher standard that requires attention to the spirit of the laws. Thus, these laws reveal God’s standard of righteousness by revealing sin. No wonder the Israelites were afraid when they saw the manifestation of God and heard his laws. When the whole covenant is considered, preamble and all, then it becomes clear that the motivation for obeying the commands is the person and the work of the covenant God—the one who redeemed his people. Obedience then becomes a response of devotion and adoration to the Redeemer who set them free. It becomes loyal service, not enslavement to laws. The point could be worded this way: God requires that his covenant people, whom he has redeemed, and to whom he has revealed himself, give their absolute allegiance and obedience to him. This means they will worship and serve him and safeguard the well-being of each other.