Exodus 15:1–12

Footnotes

1. 1 This chapter is a song of praise sung by Moses and the people right after the deliverance from the Sea. The song itself is vv. 1b–18; it falls into three sections—praise to God (1b–3), the cause for the praise (4–13), and the conclusion (14–18). The point of the first section is that God’s saving acts inspire praise from his people; the second is that God’s powerful acts deliver his people from the forces of evil; and the third section is that God’s demonstrations of his sovereignty inspire confidence in him by his people. So the Victory Song is very much like the other declarative praise psalms—the resolve to praise, the power of God, the victory over the enemies, the incomparability of God in his redemption, and the fear of the people. See also C. Cohen, “Studies in Early Israelite Poetry I: An Unrecognized Case of Three Line Staircase Parallelism in the Song of the Sea,” 7 (1975): 13–17; D. N. Freedman, “Strophe and Meter in Exodus 15,” A Light unto My Path, 163–203; E. Levine, “Neofiti I: A Study of Exodus 15,” 54 (1973): 301–30; T. C. Butler, “ ‘The Song of the Sea’: Exodus 15:1–18: A Study in the Exegesis of Hebrew Poetry,” 32 (1971): 2782-A.
2. 2 The verb is יָשִׁיר (yashir), a normal imperfect tense form. But after the adverb “then” this form is to be treated as a preterite (see §107.c).
3. 3 Heb “and they said, saying.” This has been simplified in the translation for stylistic reasons.
4. 4 The form is the singular cohortative, expressing the resolution of Moses to sing the song of praise (“I will” being stronger than “I shall”).
5. 5 This causal clause gives the reason for and summary of the praise. The Hebrew expression has כִּי־גָּאֹה גָּאָה (ki ga’oh ga’ah). The basic idea of the verb is “rise up loftily” or “proudly.” But derivatives of the root carry the nuance of majesty or pride (S. R. Driver, Exodus, ). So the idea of the perfect tense with its infinitive absolute may mean “he is highly exalted” or “he has done majestically” or “he is gloriously glorious.”
6. 6 The common understanding is that Egypt did not have people riding horses at this time, and so the phrase the horse and its rider is either viewed as an anachronism or is interpreted to mean charioteers. The word “to ride” can mean on a horse or in a chariot. Some have suggested changing “rider” to “chariot” (re-vocalization) to read “the horse and its chariot.”
7. 7 Heb “Yah.” Moses’ poem here uses a short form of the name Yahweh, traditionally rendered in English by “the LORD.”
8. 8 The word וְזִמְרָת (vézimrat) is problematic. It probably had a suffix yod (י) that was accidentally dropped because of the yod (י) on the divine name following. Most scholars posit another meaning for the word. A meaning of “power” fits the line fairly well, forming a hendiadys with strength—“strength and power” becoming “strong power.” Similar lines are in Isa 12:2 and Ps 118:14. Others suggest “protection” or “glory.” However, there is nothing substantially wrong with “my song” in the line—only that it would be a nicer match if it had something to do with strength.
9. 9 The word נָוָה (navah) occurs only here. It may mean “beautify, adorn” with praises (see 627 ). See also M. Dahood, “Exodus 15:2: ‘anwehu and Ugaritic snwt,” 59 (1979): 260–61; and M. Klein, “The Targumic Tosefta to Exodus 15:2,” 26 (1975): 61–67; and S. B. Parker, “Exodus 15:2 Again,” 21 (1971): 373–79.
10. 10 Heb “man of war” (so , ). “Warrior” is now the preferred translation since “man of war” is more commonly known today as a warship. The expression indicates that Yahweh is one who understands how to fight and defeat the enemy. The word “war” modifies “man” to reveal that Yahweh is a warrior. Other passages use similar descriptions: Isa 42:13 has “man of wars”; Ps 24:8 has “mighty man of battle.” See F. Cross, “The Divine Warrior in Israel’s Early Cult,” Biblical Motifs, 11–30.
11. 11 Heb “Yahweh is his name.” As throughout, the name “Yahweh” is rendered as “the Lord” in the translation, as is typically done in English translations.
12. 12 Gesenius notes that the sign of the accusative, often omitted in poetry, is not found in this entire song ( §117.b).
13. 13 The word is a substantive, “choice, selection”; it is here used in the construct state to convey an attribute before a partitive genitive—“the choice of his officers” means his “choice officers” (see §128.r).
14. 14 The form is a Qal passive rather than a Pual, for there is not Piel form or meaning.
15. 15 The verb form is יְכַסְיֻמוּ (yékhasyumu) is the Piel preterite. Normally a vav (ו) consecutive is used with the preterite, but in some ancient poems the form without the vav appears, as is the case frequently in this poem. That such an archaic form is used should come as no surprise, because the word also uses the yod (י) of the root ( §75.dd), and the archaic suffix form ( §91.l). These all indicate the antiquity of the poem.
16. 16 The parasynonyms here are תְּהֹמֹת (téhomot, “deep, ocean depths, deep waters”) and מְצוֹלֹת (métsolot, “the depths”); S. R. Driver says properly the “gurgling places” (Exodus, ).
17. 17 The form נֶאְדָּרִי (ne’dari) may be an archaic infinitive with the old ending i, used in place of the verb and meaning “awesome.” Gesenius says that the vowel ending may be an old case ending, especially when a preposition is inserted between the word and its genitive ( §90.l), but he suggests a reconstruction of the form.
18. 18 This expression is cognate with words in v. 1. Here that same greatness or majesty is extolled as in abundance.
19. 19 Here, and throughout the song, these verbs are the prefixed conjugation that may look like the imperfect but are actually historic preterites. This verb is to “overthrow” or “throw down”—like a wall, leaving it in shattered pieces.
20. 20 The form קָמֶיךָ (qamekha) is the active participle with a pronominal suffix. The participle is accusative, the object of the verb, but the suffix is the genitive of nearer definition (see §116.i).
21. 21 The verb is the Piel of שָׁלַח (shalakh), the same verb used throughout for the demand on Pharaoh to release Israel. Here, in some irony, God released his wrath on them.
22. 22 The word wrath is a metonymy of cause; the effect—the judgment—is what is meant.
23. 23 The verb is the prefixed conjugation, the preterite, without the consecutive vav (ו).
24. 24 The phrase “the blast of your nostrils” is a bold anthropomorphic expression for the wind that came in and dried up the water.
25. 25 The word “heap” describes the walls of water. The waters, which are naturally fluid, stood up as though they were a heap, a mound of earth. Likewise, the flowing waters deep in the ocean solidified—as though they were turned to ice (U. Cassuto, Exodus, ).
26. 26 W. C. Kaiser observes the staccato phrases that almost imitate the heavy, breathless heaving of the Egyptians as, with what reserve of strength they have left, they vow, “I will …, I will …, I will …” (“Exodus,” 2:).
27. 27 The form is נַפְשִׁי (nafshi, “my soul”). But this word refers to the whole person, the body and the soul, or better, a bundle of appetites in a body. It therefore can figuratively refer to the desires or appetites (Deut 12:15; 14:26; 23:24). Here, with the verb “to be full” means “to be satisfied”; the whole expression might indicate “I will be sated with them” or “I will gorge myself.” The greedy appetite was to destroy.
28. 28 The verb רִיק (riq) means “to be empty” in the Qal, and in the Hiphil “to empty.” Here the idea is to unsheathe a sword.
29. 29 The verb is יָרַשׁ (yarash), which in the Hiphil means “to dispossess” or “root out.” The meaning “destroy” is a general interpretation.
30. 30 “But” has been supplied here.
31. 31 Here “and” has been supplied.
32. 32 The verb may have the idea of sinking with a gurgling sound, like water going into a whirlpool (R. A. Cole, Exodus [], ; S. R. Driver, Exodus, ). See F. M. Cross and D. N. Freedman, “The Song of Miriam,” 14 (1955): 243–47.
33. 33 The question is of course rhetorical; it is a way of affirming that no one is comparable to God. See C. J. Labuschagne, The Incomparability of Yahweh in the Old Testament, 22, 66–67, and 94–97.
34. 34 Verses 11–17 will now focus on Yahweh as the incomparable one who was able to save Israel from their foes and afterward lead them to the promised land.
35. 35 S. R. Driver suggests “praiseworthy acts” as the translation (Exodus, ).
36. 36 The verb is the prefixed conjugation, the preterite without the vav consecutive. The subject, the “earth,” must be inclusive of the sea, or it may indicate the grave or Sheol; the sea drowned them. Some scholars wish to see this as a reference to Dathan and Abiram, and therefore evidence of a later addition or compilation. It fits this passage well, however.