^14:3You must not eat any forbidden⁶ thing. ^14:4These are the animals you may eat: the ox, the sheep, the goat, ^14:5the ibex,⁷ the gazelle,⁸ the deer,⁹ the wild goat, the antelope,¹⁰ the wild oryx,¹¹ and the mountain sheep.¹²^14:6You may eat any animal that has hooves divided into two parts and that chews the cud.¹³^14:7However, you may not eat the following animals among those that chew the cud or those that have divided hooves: the camel, the hare, and the rock badger.¹⁴ (Although they chew the cud, they do not have divided hooves and are therefore ritually impure to you). ^14:8Also the pig is ritually impure to you; though it has divided hooves,¹⁵ it does not chew the cud. You may not eat their meat or even touch their remains. ^14:9These you may eat from among water creatures: anything with fins and scales you may eat, ^14:10but whatever does not have fins and scales you may not eat; it is ritually impure to you. ^14:11All ritually clean birds you may eat. ^14:12These are the ones you may not eat: the eagle,¹⁶ the vulture,¹⁷ the black vulture,¹⁸^14:13the kite, the black kite, the dayyah¹⁹ after its species, ^14:14every raven after its species, ^14:15the ostrich,²⁰ the owl,²¹ the seagull, the falcon²² after its species, ^14:16the little owl, the long-eared owl, the white owl,²³^14:17the jackdaw,²⁴ the carrion vulture, the cormorant, ^14:18the stork, the heron after its species, the hoopoe, the bat, ^14:19and any winged thing on the ground are impure to you—they may not be eaten.²⁵^14:20You may eat any clean bird. ^14:21You may not eat any corpse, though you may give it to the resident foreigner who is living in your villages²⁶ and he may eat it, or you may sell it to a foreigner. You are a people holy to the Lord your God. Do not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk.²⁷

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Footnotes

6 The Hebrew word תּוֹעֵבָה (to’evah, “forbidden; abhorrent”) describes anything detestable to the Lord because of its innate evil or inconsistency with his own nature and character. See note on the word “abhorrent” in . Cf. “abominable”; “detestable”; “abhorrent.”
7 The Hebrew term אַיָּל (’ayyal) may refer to a type of deer (cf. Arabic ’ayyal). Cf. “the red deer.”
8 The Hebrew term צְבִי (tsévi) is sometimes rendered “roebuck” (so ).
9 The Hebrew term יַחְמוּר (yakhmur) may refer to a “fallow deer”; cf. Arabic yahmur (“deer”). Cf. , , “roe deer”; , , “roebuck.”
10 The Hebrew term דִּישֹׁן (dishon) is a . Its referent is uncertain but the animal is likely a variety of antelope (cf. “white-rumped deer”; , , “ibex”).
11 The Hebrew term תְּאוֹ (té’o; a variant is תּוֹא, to’) could also refer to another species of antelope. Cf. “long-horned antelope”; , “antelope.”
12 The Hebrew term זֶמֶר (zemer) is another with the possible meaning “wild sheep.” Cf. , “chamois”; “rock-goat”; , , , “mountain sheep.”
13 The Hebrew text includes “among the animals.” This has not been included in the translation for stylistic reasons.
14 The Hebrew term שָׁפָן (shafan) may refer to the “coney” (cf. , ) or hyrax (“rock badger,” cf. , , , ).
15 The lacks (probably by haplography) the phrase וְשֹׁסַע שֶׁסַע פַּרְסָה (véshosa’ shesa’ parsah, “and is clovenfooted,” i.e., “has parted hooves”), a phrase found in the otherwise exact parallel in Lev 11:7. The and attest the longer reading here. The meaning is, however, clear without it.
16 “the griffon-vulture.”
17 The Hebrew term פֶּרֶס (peres) describes a large vulture otherwise known as the ossifrage (cf. ). This largest of the vultures takes its name from its habit of dropping skeletal remains from a great height so as to break the bones apart.
18 The Hebrew term עָזְנִיָּה (’ozniyyah) may describe the black vulture (so ) or it may refer to the osprey (so , , ), an eagle-like bird subsisting mainly on fish.
19 The Hebrew term is דַּיָּה (dayyah). This, with the previous two terms (רָאָה [ra’ah] and אַיָּה [’ayyah]), is probably a kite of some species but otherwise impossible to specify.
20 Or “owl.” The Hebrew term בַּת הַיַּעֲנָה (bat hayya’anah) is sometimes taken as “ostrich” (so , , , , ), but may refer instead to some species of owl (cf. “owl”; “desert-owl”; “horned owl”).
21 The Hebrew term תַּחְמָס (takhmas) is either a type of owl (cf. “short-eared owl”; “screech owl”) or possibly the nighthawk (so , ).
22 The Hebrew term נֵץ (nets) may refer to the falcon or perhaps the hawk (so , ).
23 The Hebrew term תִּנְשֶׁמֶת (tinshemet) may refer to a species of owl (cf. “horned owl”; , , “white owl”) or perhaps even to the swan (so ); cf. “water hen.”
24 The Hebrew term קָאַת (qa’at) may also refer to a type of owl (, , “desert owl”) or perhaps the pelican (so , , ).
25 The reads the Niphal (passive) for expected Qal (“you [plural] must not eat”); cf. , . However, the harder reading should stand.
26 Heb “gates” (also in vv. 27, 28, 29).
27 Do not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk. This strange prohibition—one whose rationale is unclear but probably related to pagan ritual—may seem out of place here but actually is not for the following reasons: (1) the passage as a whole opens with a prohibition against heathen mourning rites (i.e., death, vv. 1–2) and closes with what appear to be birth and infancy rites. (2) In the other two places where the stipulation occurs (Exod 23:19 and Exod 34:26) it similarly concludes major sections. (3) Whatever the practice signified it clearly was abhorrent to the Lord and fittingly concludes the topic of various breaches of purity and holiness as represented by the ingestion of unclean animals (vv. 3–21). See C. M. Carmichael, “On Separating Life and Death: An Explanation of Some Biblical Laws,” 69 (1976): 1–7; J. Milgrom, “You Shall Not Boil a Kid In Its Mother’s Milk,” 1 (1985): 48–55; R. J. Ratner and B. Zuckerman, “In Rereading the ‘Kid in Milk’ Inscriptions,” 1 (1985): 56–58; and M. Haran, “Seething a Kid in its Mother’s Milk,” 30 (1979): 23–35.