Amos 1:9

Footnotes

1. 42 Traditionally, “transgressions” (, , , ) or “sins” (). For an explanation of the atrocities outlined in this oracle as treaty violations of God’s mandate to Noah in Gen 9:5–7, see the note on the word “violations” in .
2. 43 Heb “Because of three violations of Tyre, even because of four.” On the three … four style that introduces each of the judgment oracles of chaps. 1–2 see the note on the word “four” in .
3. 44 Heb “I will not bring it [or “him”] back.” The translation understands the pronominal object to refer to the decree of judgment that follows; the referent (the decree) has been specified in the translation for clarity. For another option see the note on the word “judgment” in .
4. 45 Heb “handed over.”
5. 46 Heb “[group of] exiles.” A similar phrase occurs in v. 6.
6. 47 Heb “did not remember.”
7. 48 A treaty of brotherhood. In the ancient Near Eastern world familial terms were sometimes used to describe treaty partners. In a treaty between superior and inferior parties, the lord would be called “father” and the subject “son.” The partners in a treaty between equals referred to themselves as “brothers.” For biblical examples, see 1 Kgs 9:13; 20:32–33.