Revelation 13:1–10

Footnotes

1. 1 Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.
2. 2 Grk “having” (a continuation of the previous sentence). All of the pronouns referring to this beast (along with the second beast appearing in 13:11) could be translated as “it” because the word for beast (θηρίον, thērion) is neuter gender in Greek and all the pronouns related to it are parsed as neuter in the Gramcord/Accordance database. Nevertheless, most interpreters would agree that the beast ultimately represents a human ruler, so beginning at the end of v. 4 the masculine pronouns (“he,” “him,” etc.) are used to refer to the first beast as well as the second beast appearing in 13:11.
3. 3 For the translation of διάδημα (diadēma) as “diadem crown” see L&N 6.196. Diadem crowns were a type of crown used as a symbol of the highest ruling authority in a given area, and thus often associated with kingship.
4. 4 Several (A 051 1611 1854 2053 2344 2351 𝔐K) read the plural ὀνόματα (onomata, “[blasphemous] names”), while the singular ὄνομα (onoma, “name”) has somewhat better support (𝔓47 א C 1006 1841 2329 𝔐A). The plural reading seems motivated by the fact that what is written is written “on its heads.” In the least, it is a clarifying reading. puts the plural in brackets, indicating doubts as to its authenticity. Whether this means a single name on all seven heads or seven names, one on each head, is not clear.
5. 5 Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the parenthetical nature of the following description of the beast.
6. 6 Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
7. 7 Grk “gave it”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
8. 8 For the translation “authority to rule” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.
9. 9 Grk “one of its heads”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
10. 10 Grk “killed to death,” an expression emphatic in its redundancy. The phrase behind this translation is ὡς ἐσφαγμένον (hōs ejsphagmenon). The particle ὡς is used in Greek generally for comparison, and in Revelation it is used often to describe the appearance of what the author saw. In this instance, the appearance of the beast’s head did not match reality, because the next phrase shows that in fact it did not die. This text does not affirm that the beast died and was resurrected, but some draw this conclusion because of the only other use of the phrase, which refers to Jesus in 5:6.
11. 11 The phrase τοῦ θανάτου (tou thanatou) can be translated as an attributive genitive (“deathly wound”) or an objective genitive (the wound which caused death) and the final αὐτοῦ (autou) is either possessive or reference/respect.
12. 12 On the phrase “the whole world followed the beast in amazement,” θαυμάζω 2 states, “wonder, be amazed … Rv 17:8. In pregnant constr. ἐθαυμάσθη ὅλη ἡ γῆ ὀπίσω τ. θηρίου the whole world followed the beast, full of wonder 13:3 (here wonder becomes worship: cp. Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 290 D.; 39 p. 747 of Dionysus and Heracles, οἲ ὑφʼ ἡμῶν ἐθαυμάσθησαν. Sir 7:29; Jos., 3, 65.—The act. is also found in this sense: Cebes 2, 3 θ. τινά = ‘admire’ or ‘venerate’ someone; Epict. 1, 17, 19 θ. τὸν θεόν).”
13. 13 For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.
14. 14 On the use of the masculine pronoun to refer to the beast, see the note on the word “It” in .
15. 15 Grk “and there was given to him.” Here the passive construction has been simplified, the referent (the beast) has been specified for clarity, and καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
16. 16 For the translation “proud words” (Grk “great things” or “important things”) see μέγας 4.b.
17. 17 Grk “to it was granted.”
18. 18 For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.
19. 19 Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the permission granted to the beast.
20. 20 Grk “he” (or “it”); the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
21. 21 The reading “and his dwelling place” does not occur in codex C, but its omission is probably due to scribal oversight since the phrase has the same ending as the phrase before it, i.e., they both end in “his” (αὐτοῦ, autou). This is similar to the mistake this scribe made in 12:14 with the omission of the reading “and half a time” (καὶ ἥμισυ καιροῦ, kai hēmisu kairou).
22. 22 Grk “and it was given to him to go to war.” Here the passive construction has been simplified, the referent (the beast) has been specified for clarity, and καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
23. 23 Many omit the phrase “it was given to make war with the saints and to overcome them” (𝔓47 A C 2053 𝔐A sa). It is, however, found in 𝔓115vid א 051 1006 (1611) 1841 (1854) 2329 2344 2351 (𝔐K) lat syph,(h) bo. Although the evidence is somewhat in favor of the shorter reading, the support of 𝔓115 (a recently-discovered ) for the longer reading balances things out. Normally, the shorter reading should be given preference. However, in an instance in which homoioteleuton could play a role, caution must be exercised. In this passage, accidental omission is quite likely. That this could have happened seems apparent from the two occurrences of the identical phrase “and it was given to him” (καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ, kai edothē autō) in v. 7. The scribe’s eye skipped over the first καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ and went to the second, hence creating an accidental omission of eleven words.
24. 24 For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.
25. 25 Grk “and people,” but καί (kai) has not been translated here or before the following term since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
26. 26 Grk “it”; the referent (the beast) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
27. 27 The prepositional phrase “since the foundation of the world” is traditionally translated as a modifier of the immediately preceding phrase in the Greek text, “the Lamb who was killed” (so also G. B. Caird, Revelation [], 168), but it is more likely that the phrase “since the foundation of the world” modifies the verb “written” (as translated above). Confirmation of this can be found in Rev 17:8 where the phrase “written in the book of life since the foundation of the world” occurs with no ambiguity.
28. 28 Or “slaughtered”; traditionally, “slain.”
29. 29 Many (C 051* 2351 𝔐A ) read “if anyone will kill with the sword, it is necessary for him to be killed with the sword” (εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτενεῖ, δεῖ αὐτὸν ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτανθῆναι). Other (א 1006 1611* 1854 al) are similar except that they read a present tense “kills” (ἀποκτείνει, apokteinei) in this sentence. Both of these variants may be regarded as essentially saying the same thing. On the other hand, codex A reads “if anyone is to be killed by the sword, he is to be killed by the sword” (εἴ τις ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτανθῆναι αὐτὸν ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀποκτανθῃναι). Thus the first two variants convey the idea of retribution, while the last variant, supported by codex A, does not. (There are actually a dozen variants here, evidence that scribes found the original text quite difficult. Only the most important variants are discussed in this note.) The first two variants seem to be in line with Jesus’ comments in Matt 26:52: “everyone who takes up the sword will die by the sword.” The last variant, however, seems to be taking up an idea found in Jer 15:2: “Those destined for death, to death; those for the sword, to the sword; those for starvation, to starvation; those for captivity, to captivity.” Though G. B. Caird, Revelation (), 169–70, gives four arguments in favor of the first reading (i.e., “whoever kills with the sword must with the sword be killed”), the arguments he puts forward can be read equally as well to support the latter alternative. In the end, the reading in codex A seems to be original. The fact that this sentence seems to be in parallel with 10a (which simply focuses on God’s will and suffering passively and is therefore akin to the reading in codex A), and that it most likely gave rise to the others as the most difficult reading, argues for its authenticity.
30. 30 On ὧδε (hōde) here, 2 states: “a ref. to a present event, object, or circumstance, in this case, at this point, on this occasion, under these circumstances … in this case moreover 1 Cor 4:2. ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν … Rv 13:18; cf. 17:9. ὧδέ ἐστιν ἡ ὑπομονή … 13:10; 14:12.”
31. 31 Or “perseverance.”