Matthew 9:9–17

The Call of Matthew; Eating with Sinners

9:9 As Jesus went on from there, he saw a man named Matthew sitting at the tax booth.19 “Follow me,” he said to him. And he got up and followed him. 9:10 As20 Jesus21 was having a meal22 in Matthew’s23 house, many tax collectors24 and sinners came and ate with Jesus and his disciples. 9:11 When the Pharisees25 saw this they said to his disciples, “Why does your teacher eat with tax collectors and sinners?”26 9:12 When27 Jesus heard this he said, “Those who are healthy don’t need a physician, but those who are sick do.28 9:13 Go and learn what this saying means: ‘I want mercy and not sacrifice.’29 For I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners.”

The Superiority of the New

9:14 Then John’s30 disciples came to Jesus31 and asked, “Why do we and the Pharisees32 fast often,33 but your disciples don’t fast?” 9:15 Jesus said to them, “The wedding guests34 cannot mourn while the bridegroom35 is with them, can they? But the days36 are coming when the bridegroom will be taken from them,37 and then they will fast. 9:16 No one sews a patch of unshrunk cloth on an old garment, because the patch will pull away from the garment and the tear will be worse. 9:17 And no one pours new wine into old wineskins;38 otherwise the skins burst and the wine is spilled out and the skins are destroyed. Instead they put new wine into new wineskins39 and both are preserved.”

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19	tn While “tax office” is sometimes given as a translation for τελώνιον (telōnion, so L&N 57.183), this could give the modern reader a false impression of an indoor office with all its associated furnishings. sn The tax booth was a booth located on the edge of a city or town to collect taxes for trade. There was a tax booth in Capernaum, which was on the trade route from Damascus to Galilee and the Mediterranean. The “taxes” were collected on produce and goods brought into the area for sale, and were a sort of “sales tax” paid by the seller but obviously passed on to the purchaser in the form of increased prices (L&N 57.183). It was here that Jesus met Matthew (also named Levi [see Mark 2:14, Luke 5:27]) who was ultimately employed by the Romans, though perhaps more directly responsible to Herod Antipas. It was his job to collect taxes for Rome and he was thus despised by Jews who undoubtedly regarded him as a traitor.
20	tn Grk “And it happened that while.” The introductory phrase καὶ ἐγένετο (kai egeneto, “it happened that”) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
21	tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
22	tn Grk “was reclining at table.” sn As Jesus was having a meal. 1st century middle eastern meals were not eaten while sitting at a table, but while reclining on one’s side on the floor with the head closest to the low table and the feet farthest away.
23	tn Grk “in the house.” The Greek article is used here in a context that implies possession, and the referent of the implied possessive pronoun (Matthew) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
24	sn See the note on tax collectors in 5:46.
25	sn See the note on Pharisees in 3:7.
26	sn The issue here is inappropriate associations. Jews were very careful about personal associations and contact as a matter of ritual cleanliness. Their question borders on an accusation that Jesus is ritually unclean.
27	tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
28	sn Jesus’ point is that he associates with those who are sick because they have the need and will respond to the offer of help. A person who is healthy (or who thinks mistakenly that he is) will not seek treatment.
29	sn A quotation from Hos 6:6 (see also Matt 12:7).
30	sn John refers to John the Baptist.
31	tn Grk “him”; the referent (Jesus) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
32	sn See the note on Pharisees in 3:7.
33	sn John’s disciples and the Pharisees followed typical practices with regard to fasting and prayer. Many Jews fasted regularly (Lev 16:29–34; 23:26–32; Num 29:7–11). The zealous fasted twice a week on Monday and Thursday.
34	tn Grk “sons of the wedding hall,” an idiom referring to wedding guests, or more specifically friends of the bridegroom present at the wedding celebration (L&N 11.7).
35	sn The expression while the bridegroom is with them is an allusion to messianic times (John 3:29; Isa 54:5–6; 62:4–5; 4 Ezra 2:15, 38).
36	tn Grk “days.”
37	sn The statement the bridegroom will be taken from them is a veiled allusion by Jesus to his death, which he did not make explicit until the incident at Caesarea Philippi in 16:13ff.
38	sn Wineskins were bags made of skin or leather, used for storing wine in NT times. As the new wine fermented and expanded, it would stretch the new wineskins. Putting new (unfermented) wine in old wineskins, which had already been stretched, would result in the bursting of the wineskins.
39	sn The meaning of the saying new wine into new wineskins is that the presence and teaching of Jesus was something new and signaled the passing of the old. It could not be confined within the old religion of Judaism, but involved the inauguration and consummation of the kingdom of God.

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