Hosea 10:3–4

Footnotes

1. 3 The referent of the 3rd person common plural verb דִּבְּרוּ (dibbéru, “they speak”) is the masculine singular noun וְהַמֶּלֶךְ (véhammelekh, “a king” in v. 3) which is used generically, representing all human kings of Israel to which the 3rd common plural verb refers. Although this is a bit syntactically awkward, it is not necessary to emend the to the 3rd masculine singular verb form דָּבַר (davar, “he speaks”) as the editors suggest. The , however, reads the singular form λαλῶν (lalōn, “uttering”).
2. 4 Heb “they speak words.” The cognate accusative construction דִּבְּרוּ דְבָרִים (dibbéru dévarim; literally, “they speak words”) is an idiom that means “they speak mere words” (so ; similar) or “they utter empty words” (so ), that is, they make empty promises (e.g., Isa 58:13; 180–181 דָּבַר 2). The immediately following collocated phrase אָלוֹת שָׁוְא (’alot shavé’, “swearing an empty oath”) confirms this nuance. The understood this idiom in the same way: λαλῶν ῥήματα προφάσειας ψευδεῖς (lalōn rhēmata prophaseias pseudeis, “speaking false professions as his words”).
3. 5 The two infinitive absolutes אָלוֹת (’alot, Qal infinitive absolute from II אָלָה, ’alah, “to swear an oath”; 46 II אָלָה) and כָּרֹת (karot, Qal infinitive absolute from כָּרַת, karat, “to make [a covenant]”; 503 כָּרַת 4), which appear without conjunctions, continue the description of the action of the preceding finite verb דִּבְּרוּ (dibbéru, Piel perfect 3rd person common plural from דָּבַר, davar, “to speak”). Although the infinitives continue the description of the action of the finite verb, they call special attention to the action of the infinitive rather than the action of the finite verb. See §35.5.2b.
4. 6 The word “empty” is not in the Hebrew text, but is implied. It is supplied in the translation for clarity. Cf. “useless treaties.”
5. 7 The noun II רֹאשׁ (ro’sh) refers to a “poisonous plant” (Deut 29:17; Hos 10:4) or “bitter herb” (Ps 69:22; Lam 3:5; 912 רֹאשׁ 1; רֹאשׁ 1).