Genesis 9:24–27

9:24 When Noah awoke from his drunken stupor53 he learned54 what his youngest son had done55 to him. 9:25 So he said,

“Cursed56 be Canaan!57

The lowest of slaves58

he will be to his brothers.”

9:26 He also said,

“Worthy of praise is59 the Lord, the God of Shem!

May Canaan be the slave of Shem!60

9:27 May God enlarge Japheth’s territory and numbers!61

May he live62 in the tents of Shem

and may Canaan be his slave!”

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53	tn Heb “his wine,” used here by metonymy for the drunken stupor it produced.
54	tn Heb “he knew.”
55	tn The Hebrew verb עָשָׂה (’asah, “to do”) carries too general a sense to draw the conclusion that Ham had to have done more than look on his father’s nakedness and tell his brothers.
56	sn For more on the curse, see H. C. Brichto, The Problem of “Curse” in the Hebrew Bible (JBLMS), and J. Scharbert, TDOT 1:405–18.
57	sn Cursed be Canaan. The curse is pronounced on Canaan, not Ham. Noah sees a problem in Ham’s character, and on the basis of that he delivers a prophecy about the future descendants who will live in slavery to such things and then be controlled by others. (For more on the idea of slavery in general, see E. M. Yamauchi, “Slaves of God,” BETS 9 [1966]: 31–49). In a similar way Jacob pronounced oracles about his sons based on their revealed character (see Gen 49).
58	tn Heb “a servant of servants” (עֶבֶד עֲבָדִים, ’eved ’avadim), an example of the superlative genitive. It means Canaan will become the most abject of slaves.
59	tn Heb “blessed be.”
60	tn Heb “a slave to him”; the referent (Shem) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
61	tn Heb “may God enlarge Japheth.” The words “territory and numbers” are supplied in the translation for clarity. sn There is a wordplay (paronomasia) on the name Japheth. The verb יַפְתְּ (yaft, “may he enlarge”) sounds like the name יֶפֶת (yefet, “Japheth”). The name itself suggested the idea. The blessing for Japheth extends beyond the son to the descendants. Their numbers and their territories will be enlarged, so much so that they will share in Shem’s territories. Again, in this oracle, Noah is looking beyond his immediate family to future generations. For a helpful study of this passage and the next chapter, see T. O. Figart, A Biblical Perspective on the Race Problem, 55–58.
62	tn In this context the prefixed verbal form is a jussive (note the distinct jussive forms both before and after this in vv. 26 and 27).

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