snErech (ancient Uruk, modern Warka), one of the most ancient civilizations, was located southeast of Babylon.
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snAkkad, or ancient Agade, was associated with Sargon and located north of Babylon.
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tn No such place is known in Shinar (i.e., Babylonia). Therefore some have translated the Hebrew term כַלְנֵה (khalneh) as “all of them,” referring to the three previous names (cf. NRSV).