Genesis 41:1–50:26

Joseph’s Rise to Power

41:1 At the end of two full years1 Pharaoh had a dream.2 As he was standing by the Nile, 41:2 seven fine-looking, fat cows were coming up out of the Nile,3 and they grazed in the reeds. 41:3 Then seven bad-looking, thin cows were coming up after them from the Nile,4 and they stood beside the other cows at the edge of the river.5 41:4 The bad-looking, thin cows ate the seven fine-looking, fat cows. Then Pharaoh woke up.

41:5 Then he fell asleep again and had a second dream: There were seven heads of grain growing6 on one stalk, healthy7 and good. 41:6 Then8 seven heads of grain, thin and burned by the east wind, were sprouting up after them. 41:7 The thin heads swallowed up the seven healthy and full heads. Then Pharaoh woke up and realized it was a dream.9

41:8 In the morning he10 was troubled, so he called for11 all the diviner-priests12 of Egypt and all its wise men. Pharaoh told them his dreams,13 but no one could interpret14 them for him.15 41:9 Then the chief cupbearer said to Pharaoh, “Today I recall my failures.16 41:10 Pharaoh was enraged with his servants, and he put me in prison in the house of the captain of the guards—me and the chief baker. 41:11 We each had a dream one night; each of us had a dream with its own meaning.17 41:12 Now a young man, a Hebrew, a servant18 of the captain of the guards,19 was with us there. We told him our dreams,20 and he interpreted the meaning of each of our respective dreams for us.21 41:13 It happened just as he had said22 to us—Pharaoh23 restored me to my office, but he impaled the baker.”24

41:14 Then Pharaoh summoned25 Joseph. So they brought him quickly out of the dungeon; he shaved himself, changed his clothes, and came before Pharaoh. 41:15 Pharaoh said to Joseph, “I had a dream,26 and there is no one who can interpret27 it. But I have heard about you, that28 you can interpret dreams.”29 41:16 Joseph replied to Pharaoh, “It is not within my power,30 but God will speak concerning31 the welfare of Pharaoh.”32

41:17 Then Pharaoh said to Joseph, “In my dream I was standing33 by the edge of the Nile. 41:18 Then seven fat and fine-looking cows were coming up out of the Nile, and they grazed in the reeds.34 41:19 Then35 seven other cows came up after them; they were scrawny, very bad-looking, and lean. I had never seen such bad-looking cows36 as these in all the land of Egypt! 41:20 The lean, bad-looking cows ate up the seven37 fat cows. 41:21 When they had eaten them,38 no one would have known39 that they had done so, for they were just as bad-looking as before. Then I woke up. 41:22 I also saw in my dream40 seven heads of grain growing on one stalk, full and good. 41:23 Then41 seven heads of grain, withered and thin and burned with the east wind, were sprouting up after them. 41:24 The thin heads of grain swallowed up the seven good heads of grain. So I told all this42 to the diviner-priests, but no one could tell me its meaning.”43

41:25 Then Joseph said to Pharaoh, “Both dreams of Pharaoh have the same meaning.44 God has revealed45 to Pharaoh what he is about to do.46 41:26 The seven good cows represent seven years, and the seven good heads of grain represent seven years. Both dreams have the same meaning.47 41:27 The seven lean, bad-looking cows that came up after them represent seven years, as do the seven empty heads of grain burned with the east wind. They represent48 seven years of famine. 41:28 This is just what I told49 Pharaoh: God has shown Pharaoh what he is about to do. 41:29 Seven years of great abundance are coming throughout the whole land of Egypt. 41:30 But seven years of famine will occur50 after them, and all the abundance will be forgotten in the land of Egypt. The famine will devastate51 the land. 41:31 The previous abundance of the land will not be remembered52 because of the famine that follows, for the famine will be very severe.53 41:32 The dream was repeated to Pharaoh54 because the matter has been decreed55 by God, and God will make it happen soon.56

41:33 “So now Pharaoh should look57 for a wise and discerning man58 and give him authority59 over all the land of Egypt. 41:34 Pharaoh should do60 this—he should appoint61 officials62 throughout the land to collect one-fifth of the produce of the land of Egypt63 during the seven years of abundance. 41:35 They should gather all the excess food64 during these good years that are coming. By Pharaoh’s authority65 they should store up grain so the cities will have food,66 and they should preserve it.67 41:36 This food should be held in storage for the land in preparation for the seven years of famine that will occur throughout the land of Egypt. In this way the land will survive the famine.”68

41:37 This advice made sense to Pharaoh and all his officials.69 41:38 So Pharaoh asked his officials, “Can we find a man like Joseph,70 one in whom the Spirit of God is present?”71 41:39 So Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Because God has enabled you to know all this, there is no one as wise and discerning72 as you are! 41:40 You will oversee my household, and all my people will submit to your commands.73 Only I, the king, will be greater than you.74

41:41 “See here,” Pharaoh said to Joseph, “I place75 you in authority over all the land of Egypt.”76 41:42 Then Pharaoh took his signet ring from his own hand and put it on Joseph’s. He clothed him with fine linen77 clothes and put a gold chain around his neck. 41:43 Pharaoh78 had him ride in the chariot used by his second-in-command,79 and they cried out before him, “Kneel down!”80 So he placed him over all the land of Egypt. 41:44 Pharaoh also said to Joseph, “I am Pharaoh, but without your permission81 no one82 will move his hand or his foot83 in all the land of Egypt.” 41:45 Pharaoh gave Joseph the name Zaphenath-Paneah.84 He also gave him Asenath85 daughter of Potiphera, priest of On,86 to be his wife. So Joseph took charge of87 all the land of Egypt.

41:46 Now Joseph was 30 years old88 when he began serving89 Pharaoh king of Egypt. Joseph was commissioned by90 Pharaoh and was in charge of91 all the land of Egypt. 41:47 During the seven years of abundance the land produced large, bountiful harvests.92 41:48 Joseph93 collected all the excess food94 in the land of Egypt during the seven years and stored it in the cities.95 In every city he put the food gathered from the fields around it. 41:49 Joseph stored up a vast amount of grain, like the sand of the sea,96 until he stopped measuring it because it was impossible to measure.

41:50 Two sons were born to Joseph before the famine came.97 Asenath daughter of Potiphera, priest of On, was their mother.98 41:51 Joseph named the firstborn Manasseh,99 saying,100 “Certainly101 God has made me forget all my trouble and all my father’s house.” 41:52 He named the second child Ephraim,102 saying,103 “Certainly104 God has made me fruitful in the land of my suffering.”

41:53 The seven years of abundance in the land of Egypt came to an end. 41:54 Then the seven years of famine began,105 just as Joseph had predicted. There was famine in all the other lands, but throughout the land of Egypt there was food. 41:55 When all the land of Egypt experienced the famine, the people cried out to Pharaoh for food. Pharaoh said to all the people of Egypt,106 “Go to Joseph and do whatever he tells you.”

41:56 While the famine was over all the earth,107 Joseph opened the storehouses108 and sold grain to the Egyptians. The famine was severe throughout the land of Egypt. 41:57 People from every country109 came to Joseph in Egypt to buy grain because the famine was severe throughout the earth.

Joseph’s Brothers in Egypt

42:1 When Jacob heard1 there was grain in Egypt, he2 said to his sons, “Why are you looking at each other?”3 42:2 He then said, “Look, I hear that there is grain in Egypt. Go down there and buy grain for us4 so that we may live5 and not die.”6

42:3 So ten of Joseph’s brothers went down to buy grain from Egypt. 42:4 But Jacob did not send Joseph’s brother Benjamin with his brothers,7 for he said,8 “What if some accident9 happens10 to him?” 42:5 So Israel’s sons came to buy grain among the other travelers,11 for the famine was severe in the land of Canaan.

42:6 Now Joseph was the ruler of the country, the one who sold grain to all the people of the country.12 Joseph’s brothers came and bowed down13 before him with14 their faces to the ground. 42:7 When Joseph saw his brothers, he recognized them, but he pretended to be a stranger15 to them and spoke to them harshly. He asked, “Where do you come from?” They answered,16 “From the land of Canaan, to buy grain for food.”17

42:8 Joseph recognized his brothers, but they did not recognize him. 42:9 Then Joseph remembered18 the dreams he had dreamed about them, and he said to them, “You are spies; you have come to see if our land is vulnerable!”19

42:10 But they exclaimed,20 “No, my lord! Your servants have come to buy grain for food! 42:11 We are all the sons of one man; we are honest men! Your servants are not spies.”

42:12 “No,” he insisted, “but you have come to see if our land is vulnerable.”21 42:13 They replied, “Your servants are from a family of twelve brothers.22 We are the sons of one man in the land of Canaan. The youngest is with our father at this time,23 and one is no longer alive.”24

42:14 But Joseph told them, “It is just as I said to you:25 You are spies! 42:15 You will be tested in this way: As surely as Pharaoh lives,26 you will not depart from this place unless your youngest brother comes here. 42:16 One of you must go and get27 your brother, while28 the rest of you remain in prison.29 In this way your words may be tested to see if30 you are telling the truth.31 If not, then, as surely as Pharaoh lives, you are spies!” 42:17 He imprisoned32 them all for three days. 42:18 On the third day Joseph said to them, “Do as I say33 and you will live,34 for I fear God.35 42:19 If you are honest men, leave one of your brothers confined here in prison36 while …

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1	tn Heb “two years, days.”
2	tn Heb “was dreaming.”
3	tn Heb “And look, he was standing by the Nile, and look, from the Nile were coming up seven cows, attractive of appearance and fat of flesh.” By the use of the particle הִנֵּה (hinneh, “look”), the narrator invites the audience to see the dream through Pharaoh’s eyes.
4	tn Heb “And look, seven other cows were coming up after them from the Nile, bad of appearance and thin of flesh.”
5	tn Heb “the Nile.” This has been replaced by “the river” in the translation for stylistic reasons.
6	tn Heb “coming up.”
7	tn Heb “fat.”
8	tn Heb “And look.”
9	tn Heb “And look, a dream.” sn Pharaoh’s two dreams, as explained in the following verses, pertained to the economy of Egypt. Because of the Nile River, the land of Egypt weathered all kinds of famines—there was usually grain in Egypt, and if there was grain and water the livestock would flourish. These two dreams, however, indicated that poverty would overtake plenty and that the blessing of the herd and the field would cease.
10	tn Heb “his spirit.”
11	tn Heb “he sent and called,” which indicates an official summons.
12	tn The Hebrew term חַרְטֹם (khartom) is an Egyptian loanword (hyr-tp) that describes a class of priests who were skilled in such interpretations.
13	tn The Hebrew text has the singular (though the Samaritan Pentateuch reads the plural). If retained, the singular must be collective for the set of dreams. Note the plural pronoun “them,” referring to the dreams, in the next clause. However, note that in v. 15 Pharaoh uses the singular to refer to the two dreams. In vv. 17–24 Pharaoh seems to treat the dreams as two parts of one dream (see especially v. 22).
14	tn “there was no interpreter.”
15	tn Heb “for Pharaoh.” The pronoun “him” has been used in the translation for stylistic reasons.
16	tn Heb “sins, offenses.” He probably refers here to the offenses that landed him in prison (see 40:1).
17	tn Heb “and we dreamed a dream in one night, I and he, each according to the interpretation of his dream we dreamed.”
18	tn Or “slave.”
19	tn Heb “a servant to the captain of the guards.” On this construction see GKC 419–20 §129.c.
20	tn The words “our dreams” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
21	tn Heb “and he interpreted for us our dreams, each according to his dream he interpreted.”
22	tn Heb “interpreted.”
23	tn Heb “he”; the referent (Pharaoh) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
24	tn Heb “him”; the referent (the baker) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
25	tn Heb “and Pharaoh sent and called,” indicating a summons to the royal court.
26	tn Heb “dreamed a dream.”
27	tn Heb “there is no one interpreting.”
28	tn Heb “saying.”
29	tn Heb “you hear a dream to interpret it,” which may mean, “you only have to hear a dream to be able to interpret it.”
30	tn Heb “not within me.”
31	tn Heb “God will answer.”
32	tn The expression שְׁלוֹם פַּרְעֹה (shélom par’oh) is here rendered “the welfare of Pharaoh” because the dream will be about life in his land. Some interpret it to mean an answer of “peace”—one that will calm his heart, or give him the answer that he desires (cf. NIV, NRSV, NLT).
33	tn Heb “In my dream look, I was standing.” The use of the particle הִנֵּה (hinneh, “look”) here (and also in vv. 18, 19, 22, 23) invites the hearer (within the context of the narrative, Joseph; but in the broader sense the reader or hearer of the Book of Genesis) to observe the scene through Pharaoh’s eyes.
34	tn Heb “and look, from the Nile seven cows were coming up, fat of flesh and attractive of appearance, and they grazed in the reeds.”
35	tn Heb “And look.”
36	tn The word “cows” is supplied here in the translation for stylistic reasons.
37	tn Heb “the seven first fat cows.”
38	tn Heb “when they went inside them.”
39	tn Heb “it was not known.”
40	tn Heb “and I saw in my dream and look.”
41	tn Heb “And look.”
42	tn The words “all this” have been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
43	tn Heb “and there was no one telling me.”
44	tn Heb “the dream of Pharaoh is one.”
45	tn Heb “declared.”
46	tn The active participle here indicates what is imminent.
47	tn Heb “one dream it is.”
48	tn Heb “are.” Another option is to translate, “There will be seven years of famine.”
49	tn Heb “it is the word that I spoke.”
50	tn The perfect with the vav consecutive continues the time frame of the preceding participle, which has an imminent future nuance here.
51	tn The Hebrew verb כָּלָה (kalah) in the Piel stem means “to finish, to destroy, to bring an end to.” The severity of the famine will ruin the land of Egypt.
52	tn Heb “known.”
53	tn Or “heavy.”
54	tn Heb “and concerning the repeating of the dream to Pharaoh two times.” The Niphal infinitive here is the object of the preposition; it is followed by the subjective genitive “of the dream.”
55	tn Heb “established.”
56	tn The clause combines a participle and an infinitive construct: God “is hurrying … to do it,” meaning he is going to do it soon.
57	tn Heb “let Pharaoh look.” The jussive form expresses Joseph’s advice to Pharaoh.
58	tn Heb “a man discerning and wise.” The order of the terms is rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.
59	tn Heb “and let him set him.”
60	tn The imperfect verbal form has an obligatory nuance here. The Samaritan Pentateuch has a jussive form here, “and let [Pharaoh] do.”
61	tn Heb “and let him appoint.” The jussive form expresses Joseph’s advice to Pharaoh.
62	tn Heb “appointees.” The noun is a cognate accusative of the preceding verb. Since “appoint appointees” would be redundant in English, the term “officials” was used in the translation instead.
63	tn Heb “and he shall collect a fifth of the land of Egypt.” The language is figurative (metonymy); it means what the land produces, i.e., the harvest.
64	tn Heb “all the food.”
65	tn Heb “under the hand of Pharaoh.”
66	tn Heb “[for] food in the cities.” The noun translated “food” is an adverbial accusative in the sentence.
67	tn The perfect with vav (ו) consecutive carries the same force as the sequence of jussives before it.
68	tn Heb “and the land will not be cut off in the famine.”
69	tn Heb “and the matter was good in the eyes of Pharaoh and in the eyes of all his servants.”
70	tn Heb “like this,” but the referent could be misunderstood to be a man like that described by Joseph in v. 33, rather than Joseph himself. For this reason the proper name “Joseph” has been supplied in the translation.
71	tn The rhetorical question expects the answer “No, of course not!”
72	tn Heb “as discerning and wise.” The order has been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.
73	tn Heb “and at your mouth (i.e., instructions) all my people will kiss.” G. J. Wenham translates this “shall kowtow to your instruction” (Genesis [WBC], 2:395). Although there is some textual support for reading “will be judged, ruled by you,” this is probably an attempt to capture the significance of this word. Wenham lists a number of references where individuals have tried to make connections with other words or expressions—such as a root meaning “order themselves” lying behind “kiss,” or an idiomatic idea of “kiss” meaning “seal the mouth,” and so “be silent and submit to.” See K. A. Kitchen, “The Term Nsq in Genesis 41:40,” ExpTim 69 (1957): 30; D. S. Sperling, “Genesis 41:40: A New Interpretation,” JANESCU 10 (1978): 113–19.
74	tn Heb “only the throne, I will be greater than you.”
75	tn The translation assumes that the perfect verbal form is descriptive of a present action. Another option is to understand it as rhetorical, in which case Pharaoh describes a still future action as if it had already occurred in order to emphasize its certainty. In this case one could translate “I have placed” or “I will place.” The verb נָתַן (natan) is translated here as “to place in authority [over].”
76	sn Joseph became the grand vizier of the land of Egypt. See W. A. Ward, “The Egyptian Office of Joseph,” JSS 5 (1960): 144–50; and R. de Vaux, Ancient Israel, 129–31.
77	tn The Hebrew word שֵׁשׁ (shesh) is an Egyptian loanword that describes the fine linen robes that Egyptian royalty wore. The clothing signified Joseph’s rank.
78	tn Heb “he”; the referent (Pharaoh) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
79	tn Heb “and he caused him to ride in the second chariot which was his.”
80	tn The verb form appears to be a causative imperative from a verbal root meaning “to kneel.” It is a homonym of the word “bless” (identical in root letters but not related etymologically).
81	tn Heb “apart from you.”
82	tn Heb “no man,” but here “man” is generic, referring to people in general.
83	tn The idiom “lift up hand or foot” means “take any action” here.
84	sn The meaning of Joseph’s Egyptian name, Zaphenath-Paneah, is uncertain. Many recent commentators have followed the proposal of G. Steindorff that it means “the god has said, ‘he will live’ ” (“Der Name Josephs Saphenat-Pa‘neach,” ZÄS 31 [1889]: 41–42); others have suggested “the god speaks and lives” (see BDB 861 s.v. צָפְנָת פַּעְנֵחַ); “the man he knows” (J. Vergote, Joseph en Égypte, 145); or “Joseph [who is called] Ipʾ-ʿankh” (K. A. Kitchen, NBD3 1262).
85	sn The name Asenath may mean “she belongs to the goddess Neit” (see HALOT 74 s.v. אָֽסְנַת). A novel was written at the beginning of the first century entitled Joseph and Asenath, which included a legendary account of the conversion of Asenath to Joseph’s faith in Yahweh. However, all that can be determined from this chapter is that their children received Hebrew names. See also V. Aptowitzer, “Asenath, the Wife of Joseph—a Haggadic Literary-Historical Study,” HUCA 1 (1924): 239–306.
86	sn On (also in v. 50) is another name for the city of Heliopolis.
87	tn Heb “and he passed through.”
88	tn Heb “a son of thirty years.”
89	tn Heb “when he stood before.”
90	tn Heb “went out from before.”
91	tn Heb “and he passed through all the land of Egypt”; this phrase is interpreted by JPS to mean that Joseph “emerged in charge of the whole land.”
92	tn Heb “brought forth by handfuls.”
93	tn Heb “he”; the referent (Joseph) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
94	tn Heb “all the food.”
95	tn Heb “of the seven years which were in the land of Egypt and placed food in the cities.”
96	tn Heb “and Joseph gathered grain like the sand of the sea, multiplying much.” To emphasize the vast amount of grain he stored up, the Hebrew text modifies the verb “gathered” with an infinitive absolute and an adverb.
97	tn Heb “before the year of the famine came.”
98	tn Heb “gave birth for him.”
99	sn The name Manasseh (מְנַשֶּׁה, ménasheh) describes God’s activity on behalf of Joseph, explaining in general the significance of his change of fortune. The name is a Piel participle, suggesting the meaning “he who brings about forgetfulness.” The Hebrew verb נַשַּׁנִי (nashani) may have been used instead of the normal נִשַּׁנִי (nishani) to provide a closer sound play with the name. The giving of this Hebrew name to his son shows that Joseph retained his heritage and faith; and it shows that a brighter future was in store for him.
100	tn The word “saying” has been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
101	tn Or “for.”
102	sn The name Ephraim (אֶפְרַיִם, ’efrayim), a form of the Hebrew verb פָּרָה (parah), means “to bear fruit.” The theme of fruitfulness is connected with this line of the family from Rachel (30:2) on down (see Gen 49:22, Deut 33:13–17, and Hos 13:15). But there is some difficulty with the name “Ephraim” itself. It appears to be a dual, for which F. Delitzsch simply said it meant “double fruitfulness” (New Commentary on Genesis, 2:305). G. J. Spurrell suggested it was a diphthongal pronunciation of a name ending in -an or -am, often thought to be dual suffixes (Notes on the text of the book of Genesis, 334). Many, however, simply connect the name to the territory of Ephraim and interpret it to be “fertile land” (C. Fontinoy, “Les noms de lieux en -ayim dans la Bible,” UF 3 [1971]: 33–40). The dual would then be an old locative ending. There is no doubt that the name became attached to the land in which the tribe settled, and it is possible that is where the dual ending came from, but in this story it refers to Joseph’s God-given fruitfulness.
103	tn The word “saying” has been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
104	tn Or “for.”
105	tn Heb “began to arrive.”
106	tn Heb “to all Egypt.” The name of the country is used by metonymy for the inhabitants.
107	tn Or “over the entire land”; Heb “over all the face of the earth.” The disjunctive clause is circumstantial-temporal to the next clause.
108	tc The MT reads “he opened all that was in [or “among”] them.” The translation follows the reading of the LXX and Syriac versions.
109	tn Heb “all the earth,” which refers here (by metonymy) to the people of the earth. Note that the following verb is plural in form, indicating that the inhabitants of the earth are in view.
1	tn Heb “saw.”
2	tn Heb “Jacob.” Here the proper name has been replaced by the pronoun (“he”) in the translation for stylistic reasons.
3	sn Why are you looking at each other? The point of Jacob’s question is that his sons should be going to get grain rather than sitting around doing nothing. Jacob, as the patriarch, still makes the decisions for the whole clan.
4	tn Heb “and buy for us from there.” The word “grain,” the direct object of “buy,” has been supplied for clarity, and the words “from there” have been omitted in the translation for stylistic reasons.
5	tn Following the imperatives, the prefixed verbal form with prefixed vav expresses purpose of result.
6	tn The imperfect tense continues the nuance of the verb before it.
7	tn Heb “But Benjamin, the brother of Joseph, Jacob did not send with his brothers.” The disjunctive clause highlights the contrast between Benjamin and the other ten.
8	tn The Hebrew verb אָמַר (’amar, “to say”) could also be translated “thought” (i.e., “he said to himself”) here, giving Jacob’s reasoning rather than spoken words.
9	tn The Hebrew noun אָסוֹן (’ason) is a rare word meaning “accident, harm.” Apart from its use in these passages it occurs in Exodus 21:22–23 of an accident to a pregnant woman. The term is a rather general one, but Jacob was no doubt thinking of his loss of Joseph.
10	tn Heb “encounters.”
11	tn Heb “in the midst of the coming ones.”
12	tn The disjunctive clause either introduces a new episode in the unfolding drama or provides the reader with supplemental information necessary to understanding the story.
13	sn Joseph’s brothers came and bowed down before him. Here is the beginning of the fulfillment of Joseph’s dreams (see Gen 37). But it is not the complete fulfillment, since all his brothers and his parents must come. The point of the dream, of course, was not simply to get the family to bow to Joseph, but that Joseph would be placed in a position of rule and authority to save the family and the world (41:57).
14	tn The word “faces” is an adverbial accusative, so the preposition has been supplied in the translation.
15	sn But pretended to be a stranger. Joseph intends to test his brothers to see if they have changed and have the integrity to be patriarchs of the tribes of Israel. He will do this by putting them in the same situations that they and he were in before. The first test will be to awaken their conscience.
16	tn Heb “said.”
17	tn The verb is denominative, meaning “to buy grain”; the word “food” could simply be the direct object, but may also be an adverbial accusative.
18	sn You are spies. Joseph wanted to see how his brothers would react if they were accused of spying.
19	tn Heb “to see the nakedness of the land you have come.”
20	tn Heb “and they said to him.” In context this is best understood as an exclamation.
21	tn Heb “and he said, ‘No, for the nakedness of the land you have come to see.’ ” The order of the introductory clause and the direct discourse has been rearranged in the translation for clarity.
22	tn Heb “twelve [were] your servants, brothers [are] we.”
23	tn Heb “today.”
24	tn Heb “and the one is not.”
25	tn Heb “to you, saying.”
26	tn Heb “[By] the life of Pharaoh.” sn As surely as Pharaoh lives. Joseph uses an oath formula to let the brothers know the certainty of what he said. There is some discussion in the commentaries on swearing by the life of Pharaoh, but since the formulation here reflects the Hebrew practice, it would be hard to connect the ideas exactly to Egyptian practices. Joseph did this to make the point in a way that his Hebrew brothers would understand. See M. R. Lehmann, “Biblical Oaths,” ZAW 81 (1969): 74–92.
27	tn Heb “send from you one and let him take.” After the imperative, the prefixed verbal form with prefixed vav (ו) indicates purpose.
28	tn The disjunctive clause is here circumstantial-temporal.
29	tn Heb “bound.”
30	tn The words “to see” have been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
31	tn Heb “the truth [is] with you.”
32	sn The same Hebrew word is used for Joseph’s imprisonment in 40:3, 4, 7. There is some mirroring going on in the narrative. The Hebrew word used here (אָסַף, ’asaf, “to gather”) is not normally used in a context like this (for placing someone in prison), but it forms a wordplay on the name Joseph (יוֹסֵף, yosoef) and keeps the comparison working.
33	tn Heb “Do this.”
34	tn After the preceding imperative, the imperative with vav (ו) can, as here, indicate logical sequence.
35	sn For I fear God. Joseph brings God into the picture to awaken his brothers’ consciences. The godly person cares about the welfare of people, whether they live or die. So he will send grain back, but keep one of them in Egypt. This action contrasts with their crime of selling their brother into slavery.
36	tn Heb “bound in the house of your prison.”

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