Ephesians 2:1–2

Footnotes

1. 1 The adverbial participle “being” (ὄντας, ontas) is taken concessively.
2. 2 Chapter 2 starts off with a participle, although you were dead, that is left dangling. The syntax in Greek for vv. 1–3 constitutes one incomplete sentence, though it seems to have been done intentionally. The dangling participle leaves the readers in suspense while they wait for the solution (in v. 4) to their spiritual dilemma.
3. 3 The relative pronoun which is feminine as is sins, indicating that sins is the antecedent.
4. 4 Grk “walked.” The Greek verb translated lived (περιπατέω, peripateō) in the NT letters refers to the conduct of one’s life, not to physical walking.
5. 5 Or possibly “Aeon.” The word translated present path is the same as that which has been translated [this] age in 1:21 (αἰών, aiōn).
6. 6 Grk “domain, [place of] authority.”
7. 7 Grk “of” (but see the note on the word “spirit” later in this verse).
8. 8 The ruler of the kingdom of the air is also the ruler of the spirit that is now energizing the sons of disobedience. Although several translations regard the ruler to be the same as the spirit, this is unlikely since the cases in Greek are different (ruler is accusative and spirit is genitive). To get around this, some have suggested that the genitive for spirit is a genitive of apposition. However, the semantics of the genitive of apposition are against such an interpretation (cf. ).
9. 9 Grk “working in.”
10. 10 Sons of disobedience is a Semitic idiom that means “people characterized by disobedience.” However, it also contains a subtle allusion to vv. 4–10: Some of those sons of disobedience have become sons of God.