Ecclesiastes 10:1–3

Footnotes

1. 1 Heb “flies of death.” The plural form of “flies” (זְבוּבֵי, zévuve) may be taken as a plural of number (“dead flies”) or a distributive plural referring to one little fly (“one dead fly”). The singular form of the following verb and the parallelism support the latter: “one little fly … so a little folly.”
2. 2 The verb בָּאַשׁ (ba’ash) means “to cause to stink; to turn rancid; to emit a stinking odor” (e.g., Exod 16:24; Ps 38:6; Eccl 10:1); see באשׁ 1; 93 בָּאַשׁ. It is related to the noun בְּאשׁ (bé’osh, “stench”; Isa 34:3; Joel 2:20; Amos 4:10); cf. באשׁ; 93 בְּאשׁ. The verbal root נבע means “to ferment” or “to emit; to pour out; to bubble; to belch forth; to cause to gush forth” ( נבע; 615 נָבַע). The two terms יַבְאִישׁ יַבִּיעַ (yav’ish yabbia’, “to stink” and “to ferment”) create a hendiadys: a figurative expression in which two terms are used to connote one idea: “makes a rancid stench.” Several versions treat this as a hendiadys (Old Greek, Symmachus, , ); however, the treats them as separate verbs. Most translations treat these as a hendiadys: “Dead flies cause the ointment of the apothecary to send forth a stinking savor” (); “Dead flies make a perfumer’s oil stink” (); “dead flies give perfume a bad smell” (); “Dead flies make the perfumer’s ointment give off an evil odor” (); Dead flies make the perfumer’s ointment give off a foul odor” (); “Dead flies cause a perfumer’s perfume to send forth a stink” (); “Dead flies make the perfumer’s ointment give off a foul odor” (). Others render both separately: “Dead flies make the perfumer’s sweet ointment rancid and ferment” (); “Dead flies turn the perfumer’s ointment fetid and putrid” ().
3. 3 Heb “carries more weight than”; or “is more precious than.” The adjective יָקָר (yaqar) denotes “precious; valuable; costly” ( יָקָר 2) or “weighty; influential” ( 430 יָקָר 4). The related verb denotes “to carry weight,” that is, to be influential ( יָקָר 2). The idea is not that a little folly is more valuable than much wisdom; but that a little folly can have more influence than great wisdom. It only takes one little mistake to ruin a life of great wisdom. The English versions understand it this way: “so a little foolishness is weightier than wisdom and honor” (); “so a little folly outweighs massive wisdom” (); “so a little folly outweighs an abundance of wisdom” (); “so a little folly outweighs wisdom and honor” (, , ); “so can a little folly make wisdom lose its worth” (); “so a little folly annuls great wisdom” (); “a single slip can ruin much that is good” (); “so doth a little folly him that is in reputation for wisdom and honor” (). The rendered the line rather freely: τιμιον ὀλιγον σοφιἀ ὑπερ δοξαν ἀφροσυνης μεγαλην (“a little wisdom is more precious than great glory of folly”). This does not accurately represent the Hebrew syntax. Qoheleth creates a wordplay by using two Hebrew words for social honor or influence: “weighty” = honorable (יָקָר, yaqar) and “heavy” = honor (כָּבוֹד, cavod).
4. 4 The reads מֵחָכְמָה מִכָּבוֹד (mekhokhmah mikkavod, “more than wisdom, more than honor”), but several medieval Hebrew read וּמִכָּבוֹד מֵחָכְמָה (mekhokhmah umikkavod, “more than wisdom and honor”). However the textual problem is resolved, the two nouns form a hendiadys: two terms joined by vav that describe one concept. The first noun retains its full nominal sense, while the second functions adjectivally: “heavy wisdom” or better, “great wisdom.”
5. 5 Heb “a wise man’s heart is at his right hand.” The phrase “right hand” is a Hebrew idiom for the place of protection (e.g., Pss 16:8; 110:5; 121:5). In ancient warfare, the shield of the warrior on one’s right-hand side protected one’s right hand. Qoheleth’s point is that wisdom provides protection (e.g., Eccl 7:12).
6. 6 Heb “and the heart of a fool is at his left hand.” The fool lacks the protection of wisdom which is at the right-hand side of the wise man (see note on “right hand” in the previous line). The wise man’s heart (i.e., good sense) protects him, but the fool is always getting into trouble.
7. 7 Heb “he lacks his heart.”
8. 8 Heb “he tells everyone.”
9. 9 A fool’s lack of wisdom is obvious to everyone, even when he is engaged in the simple, ordinary actions of life.