2 Peter 2:1–4

Footnotes

1. 1 There will be false teachers among you. Peter uses the same verb, γίνομαι (ginomai), in 2 Pet 2:1 as he had used in 1:20 to describe the process of inspiration. He may well be contrasting, by way of a catchword, the two kinds of prophets.
2. 2 Grk “who”; verse 1 is one sentence in Greek, the second half constituting a relative clause.
3. 3 By the use of the future tense (will infiltrate), Peter is boldly prophesying the role that false teachers will have before these Gentile believers. It was necessary for him to establish both his own credentials and to anchor his audience’s faith in the written Word before he could get to this point, for these false teachers will question both.
4. 4 Grk “will bring in,” often with the connotation of secretiveness; “your midst” is implied.
5. 5 Or “destructive opinions,” “destructive viewpoints.” The genitive ἀπωλείας (apōleias) could be taken either attributively (“destructive”) or as a genitive of destination (“leading to destruction”). Although the preferable interpretation is a genitive of destination, especially because of the elaboration given at the end of the verse (“bringing swift destruction on themselves”), translating it attributively is less cumbersome in English. Either way, the net result is the same.
6. 6 Grk “even.” The καί (kai) is ascensive, suggesting that the worst heresy is mentioned in the words that follow.
7. 7 Grk “bringing.” The present participle ἐπάγοντες (epagontes) indicates the result of the preceding clause.
8. 8 “Debauched lifestyles” is literally “licentiousnesses,” “sensualities,” “debaucheries.”
9. 9 Grk “because of whom,” introducing a subordinate clause to the first part of the verse.
10. 10 Or “blasphemed,” “reviled,” “treated with contempt.”
11. 11 Grk “to whom,” introducing a subordinate relative clause.
12. 12 Grk “the ancient judgment.”
13. 13 Grk “is not idle.”
14. 14 Greek has “and their.” As introducing a synonymous parallel, it is superfluous in English.
15. 15 The participle ἁμαρτησάντων (hamartēsantōn) could either be attributive (“who sinned”) or adverbial (“when they sinned”). The relation to the judgment of the false teachers in v. 3 suggests that the objects of God’s judgment are not in question, but the time frame for the execution of justice is. If the participle is taken temporally, the point of comparison is not as acute. The objection that the illustrations following (the flood, Sodom and Gomorrah) are viewed temporally does not mitigate this translation, for in both instances only the time of executing judgment is in view. Further, in both instances the OT notes that God withheld punishment for a long time.
16. 16 Grk “casting them into Tartarus” or “holding them captive in Tartarus.” This verb, ταρταρόω (tartaroō), occurs only here in the NT, but its meaning is clearly established in both Hellenistic and Jewish literature. “Tartarus [was] thought of by the Greeks as a subterranean place lower than Hades where divine punishment was meted out, and so regarded in Israelite apocalyptic as well” ( ). Grammatically, it has been translated as an indicative because it is an attendant circumstance participle.
17. 17 Grk “handed them over.”
18. 18 The reading σειραῖς (seirais, “chains”) is found in 𝔓72 P Ψ 33 1739 𝔐 vg sy, while σιροῖς (sirois [or σειροῖς, seirois], “pits”) is found in א A B C 81 . The evidence is thus fairly evenly divided. Internally, the reading adopted here (σειραῖς) is a rarer term, perhaps prompting some scribes to replace it with the more common word. However, this more common term is not a synonym and hence does not follow the normal pattern of scribes. As well, the use of the genitive ζόφου (zophou) in “chains of darkness” is a bit awkward (a rare genitive of place), perhaps prompting some scribes to change the imagery to “pits of darkness” (in which case ζόφου is an attributive genitive). A further point that complicates the issue is the relationship of 2 Peter to Jude. Jude’s parallel (v. 6) has δεσμοῖς (desmois, “chains”). Apart from the issue of whether 2 Peter used Jude or Jude used 2 Peter, this parallel suggests one of two possibilities: either (1) since these two books obviously have a literary relationship, σειραῖς is original, or (2) early scribes, recognizing that these two books shared their material, changed σειροῖς to σειραῖς to conform the wording, at least conceptually, to Jude 6. On balance, σειραῖς looks to be original because scribes were not prone to harmonize extensively between books other than the Gospels (although 2 Peter and Jude do display some of this harmonizing). Further, such harmonization is often, if not usually, verbally exact, but δεσμοῖς is not a variant here.
19. 19 The genitive ζόφου (zophou) is taken as a genitive of place. See previous note for discussion.