Ashtaroth and Ashteroth-Karnaim

The name “Ashtaroth” derives from the Canaanite fertility goddess Asherah and refers to a major city east of the Sea of Galilee that was the capital of Og, king of Bashan (Deut 1:4; Josh 9:10; 1 Chr 6:71). The name “Karnaim” is the dual form of קֶרֶן (qeren) (qeren), meaning “horn,” and belongs to a neighboring city (Lipinski, On the Skirts, 230). Ashteroth-Karnaim appears only once in the Hebrew Bible (Gen 14:5), where it probably refers to the city, Ashtaroth.