THE

Location

OF

SODOM

Key Facts for Navigating the Maze of Arguments for the Location of the Cities of the Plain

Second Edition

DAVID E. GRAVES

Toronto, Canada

2018

Unless otherwise indicated, all Scripture quotations are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Italics within Scripture quotations indicate emphasis added.

The Location of Sodom: Color Editon. Key Facts for Navigating the Maze of Arguments for the Location of the Cities of the Plain.

Includes bibliographic references and indexes.

Copyright © 2016 by David E. Graves

Revision Jan. 2016; Mar. 2, 2018

Published by Electronic Christian Media, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

ISBN-13: 978-1985830837

ISBN-10: 1985830833

1. Dead Sea (Israel and Jordan)-Antiquities 2. Sodom (Extinct city) 3. Bible-O. T. Gensis XVII-XIX-Criticism, interpretation, etc. 4. Bible. O.T. Antiquities. I. Graves, David E. II. Title

BISAC History/Expeditions and Discoveries Category HIS051000

All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form (i.e., electronic, scanning, photocopy or recording) without the written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief excerpts for reviews.

Cover Design: David E. Craves

Centre Front—Middle Bronze Tell el-Yahudieh ware juglet from Tall el-Hammam (Area L). Photo by David E. Graves

Bottom Front—Madaba map mosaic indicating the possible site of Sodom. Photo by David E. Graves

Background Front Cover—Hebrew text of the Dead Sea Scroll Messianic Testimony (4Q175) located in the Amman Museum, Jordan. Photo by David E. Graves

Background Back Cover—Madaba map mosaic indicating the Byzantine location of Zoar. Photo by David E. Graves

Picture Acknowledgements

All photographs are by the author, unless otherwise indicated. For the credits of the photographs used in the charts see Credits and Permissions.

Charts

David E. Graves: all charts

Maps

All Maps are by the author, unless otherwise indicated.

Ritmeyer Archaeological Design: No. 65

Hugh Barnes, The Follow the Pots Project: No. 66

Contents

Dedication

Acknowlegements

Abbreviations

Preface

Preface to Second Edition

Introduction

Primary Sources

A Brief History of Research

Preliminary Facts

Methodology Facts: Proper Scientific Method

Hermeneutic Facts: Proper Interpretive Method

Geography Facts: The Location

Chronology Facts: The Time Period

Archaeology Facts! Material Evidence

Destruction Facts: Material Evidence

Geology Facts: Material Evidences

Testimony Facts

Summary

Conclusion

Maps and Charts

Glossary

Bibliography

Index of Subjects

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About The Location of Sodom: Key Facts for Navigating the Maze of Arguments for the Location of the Cities of the Plain (Second Edition)

The Bible describes the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Genesis 19 in terms of fire and brimstone falling from heaven. But what actually happened to these cities? Where are they today? Did they survive the cataclysmic destruction? Two archaeological sites have recently been identified as Sodom, but which is the best candidate for the location of Sodom: Tall el-Hammâm, at the northern end of the Dead Sea in the Jordan Valley, or Bâb edh-Dhrâ, at the southern end of the Dead Sea in the Ghor? Trying to navigate the maze of arguments can be a daunting task.

Graves provides a useful tool for reader in their quest for the location of this illusive biblical city. This work provides sixty-two helpful facts grouped together in methodological, hermeneutical, geographical, chronological, archaeological, cataclysmal, and geological chapters, which set the stage for further research and consideration.

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