JESUS AND THE GOD OF ISRAEL

God Crucified and Other Essays on the New Testament’s Christology of Divine Identity

Richard Bauckham

© 2008 Richard Bauckham

First published in 2008 by Paternoster

Paternoster is an imprint of Authentic Media Limited 52 Presley Way, Crownhill, Milton Keynes, MK8 0ES. www.authenticmedia.co.uk

The right of Richard Bauckham to be indentified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocoying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the UK such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Date

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-1-84227-538-2

978-1-84227-896-3 (e-book)

Cover design by fourninezero-deign

Originally Published in English under the title: Jesus and the God of Israel Copyright © 2008 by Richard Bauckham Published by Authentic Media Limited, PO Box 6326, Bletchley, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, MK1 9GG. All rights reserved.

Nashville, TN

To co-workers

in early Christology

Jimmy Dunn

Larry Hurtado

Contents

Introduction

1: God Crucified

1. Understanding Early Jewish Monotheism

2. Christological Monotheism in the New Testament

3. God Crucified: The Divine Identity Revealed in Jesus

2: Biblical Theology and the Problems of Monotheism

1. Introduction

2. Monotheism as a Misleading Category

3. The Quest of the Historical Monotheism

4. The Old Testament—a Monotheistic Book?

5. The Shemaʿ in the New Testament

3: The ‘Most High’ God and the Nature of Early Jewish Monotheism

1. Introduction

2. Interpretation of Deuteronomy 32:8–9

3. The ‘Most High’ In Early Jewish Literature

4: The Worship of Jesus in Early Christianity

1. Introduction

2. Origins

3. Doxologies

4. Hymns

5. Pagan Perceptions of Christianity

6. Christian Adherence to Jewish Monotheism

7. Relationship to Patristic Christological Development

8. Theological Conclusion

5: The Throne of God and the Worship of Jesus

1. Second Temple Jewish Monotheism

2. Intermediary Figures

3. The Heavenly Throne of God

4. Figures on the Throne

5. Jesus on the Heavenly Throne of God

6: Paul’s Christology of Divine Identity

1. Early Jewish Monotheism and Early Christology

2. Christological Reading of Scriptural Yhwh Texts

3. Eschatological Monotheism in the Christological Yhwh Texts

4. Creational Monotheism in the Christological Yhwh Texts

5. Romans 10:13

6. Philippians 2:6–11

7. First Corinthians 8:5–6

8. Christological Reading of Scriptural Yhwh Texts Outside Paul

9. Jewish Precedents for Paul’s Christology of Divine Identity?

7: The Divinity of Jesus in the Letter of the Hebrews

1. A Christology of Divine Identity

2....