Women in the World

of the

Earliest Christians

Illuminating Ancient Ways of Life

Lynn H. Cohick

Baker Academic

a division of Baker Publishing Group

Grand Rapids, Michigan

© 2009 by Lynn H. Cohick

Published by Baker Academic

a division of Baker Publishing Group

P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287

www.bakeracademic.com

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cohick, Lynn H.

Women in the world of the earliest Christians: illuminating ancient ways of life / Lynn H. Cohick.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes.

ISBN 978-0-8010-3172-4 (pbk.)

1. Christian women—Rome—Social life and customs. 2. Jewish women—Rome—Social life and customs. 3. Women—Rome—Social life and customs. I. Title.

BR195.W6C63 2009

274′.01082—dc22

2009029934

Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations labeled RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright 1952 [2nd edition, 1971] by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations labeled NIV are from the HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.

To my children

Charles James Cohick

and

Sarah Bloom Cohick

Contents

List of Illustrations

Acknowledgments

List of Abbreviations

Introduction

1. Women as Daughters

2. Marriage and Matron Ideals

3. Wives and the Realities of Marriage

4. Motherhood

5. Religious Activities of Gentile Women and God-Fearers

6. Religious Activities and Informal Power of Jewish and Christian Women

7. Women’s Work

8. Slaves and Prostitutes

9. Benefactors and the Institution of Patronage

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Writings

Index of Subjects

Illustrations

Fragment of Claudia’s letter to her friend Lepidina

Roman monument of a girl with a doll

Stele from Smyrna with the inscription: “Thalea [daughter of] Athenagoras”

Terra-cotta doll

A married couple represented in a Thessalonican grave stele

A dining scene from a funerary relief

The caldarium in Pompeii’s forum bath

Funerary relief showing the married couple Popillius and Calpurnia

Fragment of the Laudatio Turiae

Funerary relief of a husband and wife

The Great Cameo of France

Relief from the sarcophagus of M. Cornelius Statius highlights events in a young boy’s life

Lararium shrine ...

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About Women in the World of the Earliest Christians: Illuminating Ancient Ways of Life

In Women in the World of the Earliest Christians, Lynn Cohick provides an accurate and full picture of the earliest Christian women by examining a wide variety of first-century Jewish and Greco-Roman documents that illuminate their lives. She organizes the book around three major spheres of life: family (daughter, wife, mother, widow), religious community (including both official and unofficial activities), and society in general (work, slavery, prostitution, benefaction). Cohick shows that although women during this period were active at all levels within their religious communities, their influence was not always identified by leadership titles, nor did their gender always determine their level of participation.

Women in the World of the Earliest Christians corrects our understanding of early Christian women by offering an authentic and descriptive historical picture of their lives. The book includes black-and-white illustrations from the ancient world.

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