RELIGION

in the

DEAD SEA SCROLLS

Edited by

JOHN J. COLLINS

and

ROBERT A. KUGLER

William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company

Grand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge, U.K.

© 2000 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

All rights reserved

Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

255 Jefferson Ave. S.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 /

P.O. Box 163, Cambridge CB3 9PU U.K.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Religion in the Dead Sea scrolls /

edited by John J. Collins and Robert A. Kugler.

p. cm.—(Studies in the Dead Sea scrolls and related literature)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-8028-4743-9 (alk. paper)

1. Dead Sea scrolls. 2. Qumran community. 3. Judaism—History—Post-exilic period, 586 b.c.–a.d. 210. I. Collins, John Joseph, 1946–II. Kugler, Robert A. III. Series.

BM487.A785 2000

296.1′55—dc21

00-035470

www.eerdmans.com

Contents

Contributors

Diacritical Marks, Sigla, and Abbreviations

Introduction

John J. Collins

Powers in Heaven: God, Gods, and Angels in the Dead Sea Scrolls

John J. Collins

Petitionary Prayer and the Religion of Qumran

Eileen Schuller

Qumran and Hellenism

Martin Hengel

The Qumran Scrolls, Multilingualism, and Biblical Interpretation

Timothy H. Lim

The Halakah and Religion of Qumran

Hannah K. Harrington

Rewriting Rubrics: Sacrifice and the Religion of Qumran

Robert A. Kugler

Apocalyptic Tradition in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Religion of Qumran

James C. VanderKam

Qumran’s Messiah: How Important Is He?

Craig A. Evans

Selected Bibliography of Recent Writings on the Religion of the Scrolls

Index of Ancient Literature

Index of Modern Authors

Contributors

JOHN J. COLLINS, Holmes Professor of Old Testament, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

EILEEN SCHULLER, Department of Religious Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario

MARTIN HENGEL, Professor Emeritus, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen

TIMOTHY H. LIM, Department of Hebrew and Old Testament, The University of Edinburgh, New Haven, Mound Place, Edinburgh

HANNAH K. HARRINGTON, Biblical and Theological Studies, Patten College, Oakland, California

ROBERT A. KUGLER, Department of Religious Studies, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington

JAMES C. VANDERKAM, John A. O’Brien Professor of Old Testament, Department of Theology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana

CRAIG A. EVANS, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia

Diacritical Marks, Sigla, and Abbreviations

Abbreviations of journals, reference works, and other secondary sources generally conform to the “Instructions for Contributors” in the Membership Directory and Handbook of the Society of Biblical Literature (1994) 223–40. For abbreviations of Qumran sigla, see J. A. Fitzmyer, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Major Publications and Tools for Study, rev. ed. (SBLRBS 20; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990) 1–8.