The New

Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia

of

Religious Knowledge

embracing

Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology and Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Biography from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

Based on the Third Edition of the Realencyklopädie

Founded by J. J. Herzog, and Edited by Albert Hauck

Prepared by More Than Six Hundred Scholars and Specialists Under the Supervision Of

Samuel Macauley Jackson, D.D., LL.D.

(Editor-in-Chief)

with the assistance of

Charles Colebrook Sherman

and

George William Gilmore, M.A.

(Associate Editors)

and the following department editors

CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.

(Department of Systematic Theology)

HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.

(Department of Minor Denominations)

JOHN THOMAS CREAGH, D.D.

(Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders)

(vol. i.)

JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.

(Department of Liturgics and Religious Orders)

(vols. ii. to xii.)

JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.

(Department of the Old Testament)

HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.

(Department of the New Testament)

ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.

(Department of Church History)

FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.

(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)

Volumes I–XII and Index

Funk and Wagnalls Company

New York and London

Copyright, 1908, by

Funk & Wagnalls Company

Registered at Stationers’ Hall, London, England

Preface

This encyclopedia presents in a condensed and modified form that great body of Protestant learning called the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, edited by Professor Albert Hauck, Ph.D., D.Th., D.Jur., the famous church historian of Germany. The German work is the third edition of that religious encyclopedia which was originally edited by the late Professor Johann Jakob Herzog and bore his name popularly as a convenient short title. The late Professor Philip Schaff was requested by his intimate friend Dr. Herzog to adapt the encyclopedia to the American public and this he did. To this combination of German and American scholarship the publishers gave the happy title of The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge. This name has been familiar to thousands of the religious public on both sides of the sea for the past twenty-five years and so has been preserved as the title of this publication, with the prefix “New.”

The history of this encyclopedia up to the present is this: In December, 1853, there appeared at Gotha the first part of the Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, which was the Protestant reply to the challenge of the Roman Catholic scholars engaged upon the Kirchenlexikon oder Encyklopädie der katholischen Theologie und ihrer Hülfswissenschaften, which had been appearing at Freiburg im Breisgau since 1846. The credit for suggesting the latter work must be given to Benjamin Herder (1818–88), one of the leading publishers of Germany. Its editors were Heinrich Joseph Wetzer (1801–53), professor of Oriental philology in the University of Freiburg im Breisgau, ...