The New

International

Dictionary of the Christian Church

Revised Edition

J. D. Douglas

general editor

Earle E. Cairns

consulting editor

James E. Ruark

copy editor

the new international dictionary of the christian church

Copyright © 1974, 1978 by The Zondervan Corporation Grand Rapids, Michigan

ISBN 0-310-23830-7

The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church

Copyright © 1974, 1978 by The Zondervan Corporation Grand Rapids, Michigan

Regency Reference Library is an imprint of Zondervan

Publishing House, 1415 Lake Drive, S.E.,

Grand Rapids, Michigan 49506

All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Douglas, James Dixon.

The new international dictionary of the christian church.

Includes bibliographical references.

1. Theology—dictionaries. I. Title.

BR95.D68 203 74-8999

ISBN 0-310-23830-7

Preface to the Second Edition

We are gratified that the first edition of this work should have been so quickly taken up as to make this second edition necessary. Publisher and editor are both deeply appreciative of the friendly letters that have come from all over the worldwide Christian fellowship. Many, in response to the editorial invitation, have made comments critical and constructive, as indeed have numerous newspapers and journals. All have been carefully noted, not a few of the points have been incorporated in this new improved edition, and others have been kept for future reference. Through the time and trouble taken by these thoughtful correspondents, this project has been made an even more notable piece of international and ecumenical teamwork.

Because of the short time that has elapsed since the initial publication, and because we wanted to ensure that the book remained the same convenient size, major additions have been precluded at this time. Many new entries and features have nonetheless been introduced, others updated. All this has involved several additions to our list of contributors, all of whom helpfully completed assignments at short notice. We apologize to the Reverend Reginald Kissack whose name was inadvertently omitted from the earlier list of contributors; we remember with affection and thankfulness to God our colleagues Dr. Harold R. Cook, Dr. Arthur Fawcett, and Principal Robin Nixon who have died since the book enriched by their pens was published.

While it is manifestly impossible to include everything and everyone with a claim to appear in such a volume, we have tried to be sensitive even at the expense of departing from strict historical method. Thus, for example, we have included some less well-known missionaries as in some sense representative of all the noble army of men and women who down the ages for Christ’s sake have taken ...