MISREADING SCRIPTURE WITH INDIVIDUALIST EYES

Patronage, Honor, and Shame in the Biblical World

E. RANDOLPH RICHARDS and RICHARD JAMES

An imprint of InterVarsity Press

Downers Grove, Illinois

InterVarsity Press

P.O. Box 1400, Downers Grove, IL 60515-1426

ivpress.com

email@ivpress.com

©2020 by E. Randolph Richards and Richard James

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from InterVarsity Press.

InterVarsity Press® is the book-publishing division of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA®, a movement of students and faculty active on campus at hundreds of universities, colleges, and schools of nursing in the United States of America, and a member movement of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students. For information about local and regional activities, visit intervarsity.org.

All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from The Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com. The “NIV” and “New International Version” are trademarks registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by Biblica, Inc.™

While any stories in this book are true, some names and identifying information may have been changed to protect the privacy of individuals.

Cover design and image composite: Cindy Kiple

Image: portrait of a man: © Ana Paula Biondetti / EyEm / Getty Images

ISBN 978-0-8308-5275-8 (print)

ISBN 978-0-8308-4379-4 (digital)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

For my daughter-in-law

Savanna, who brings

such joy to our family.

—Randy

For my amazing wife, Judy,

and our two children,

who continue to teach me

the importance of family.

—Rich

CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction

Part 1. Social Structures of the Biblical World

1. Kinship: Being in a Family

2. Kinship: Staying in a Family

3. Patronage: Gifts Had Strings Attached

4. Patronage: The System and the Players

5. Patronage: Grace, Faith, and the Language of Patronage

6. Brokerage in the Biblical World: I Get By with a Little Lot of Help from My Friends

Part 2. Social Tools: Enforcing and Reinforcing Our Values

7. Having Honor: Everybody Has Some

8. Gaining Honor: Everybody Wants More

9. Honor Contests

10. Having Shame: It Is Good for Everyone

11. Shaming: Done Right (and Wrong)

12. Having Boundaries: Us and Them

13. Guarding Boundaries: Keeping Us Us

Part 3. Why Does Collectivism Really Matter to Me?

14. Redeeming Kinship and Boundaries: Who Is Our Family?

15. Redeeming Patronage and Brokerage

Conclusion:

Biblical Collectivism in My Individualist World

Author Index

Subject Index

Scripture Index

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About Misreading Scripture with Individualist Eyes: Patronage, Honor, and Shame in the Biblical World

The Bible was written within collectivist cultures. When Westerners, immersed in individualism, read the Bible, it’s easy to misinterpret important elements—or miss them altogether. In any culture, the most important things usually go without being said. So to read Scripture well we benefit when we uncover the unspoken social structures and values of its world. We need to recalibrate our vision.

Combining the expertise of a biblical scholar and a missionary practitioner, Misreading Scripture with Individualist Eyes is an essential guidebook to the cultural background of the Bible and how it should inform our reading. E. Randolph Richards and Richard James explore deep social structures of the ancient Mediterranean—kinship, patronage, and brokerage—along with their key social tools—honor, shame, and boundaries—that the biblical authors lived in and lie below the surface of each text. From Abraham, Sarah, and Hagar to Peter’s instructions to elders, the authors strip away individualist assumptions and bring the world of the biblical writers to life.

Expanding on the popular Misreading Scripture with Western Eyes, this book makes clear how understanding collectivism will help us better understand the Bible, which in turn will help us live more faithfully in an increasingly globalized world.

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