LEARNING BIBLICAL HEBREW

Reading for Comprehension

An Introductory Grammar

Karl V. Kutz and Rebekah L. Josberger

Learning Biblical Hebrew: Reading for Comprehension—An Introductory Grammar

Copyright 2018 Karl V. Kutz and Rebekah L. Josberger

Lexham Press, 1313 Commercial St., Bellingham, WA 98225

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Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are the author’s own translation.

Scripture quotations marked (esv) are from ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Scripture quotations marked (kjv) are from the King James Version. Public domain.

Scripture quotations marked (nasb) are from the New American Standard Bible,® copyright 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.

Scripture quotations marked (niv) are from the Holy Bible, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION,® copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.

Print ISBN 9781683590842

Digital ISBN 9781683590859

Lexham Editorial Team: Douglas Mangum, Abby Salinger, Justin Marr, James Spinti, Russell Meeks, Elliot Ritzema

Cover Design: Peter Park

Cover Photo: The Great Isaiah Scroll, cols. 5–6.

Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, by Ardon Bar-Hama

Contents

List of Tables

List of Verb Paradigms

Preface

TO THE POTENTIAL STUDENT

TO HEBREW TEACHERS

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

chapter 1

The Hebrew Alphabet

WHAT DOES THE ALPHABET LOOK LIKE?

WHAT DOES THE ALPHABET SOUND LIKE?

SPECIAL GROUPS OF LETTERS

WRITING THE HEBREW ALPHABET

chapter 2

Hebrew Vowels

HOW ARE VOWELS REPRESENTED?

HOW ARE THE VOWELS PRONOUNCED?

MARKING THE ABSENCE OF A VOWEL (SHEWA)

ADDITIONAL NOTATIONS IN THE POINTING

RECOGNIZING VOWEL MARKERS

QUIESCENT ALEPH

chapter 3

Syllables and Reading Hebrew

WHAT IS A SYLLABLE?

DETERMINING HEBREW SYLLABLES

HOW SYLLABLES AND POINTING WORK TOGETHER

SUMMARY

chapter 4

Gender and Number, Definite Article and Conjunction

ROOTS AND ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS OF MEANING

ADDITIONS TO HEBREW NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

GENDER AND NUMBER

DEFINITE ARTICLE

CONJUNCTION (“AND”)

BASIC GRAMMAR FOR TRANSLATING

chapter 5

Vowel Changes in Hebrew Nouns

HISTORIC VOWELS

RULES FOR VOWEL CHANGE

HISTORIC FORMS

FINDING THE HISTORIC FORM

HOW TO ADD ENDINGS TO HEBREW NOUNS

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEGOLATE NOUNS

chapter 6

Noun and Adjective Function

HEBREW ADJECTIVES

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

FUNCTION OF HEBREW NOUNS

chapter 7

Constructs, Directional Ending, Prepositions, and Interrogatives

CONSTRUCT ENDINGS

DIRECTIONAL ENDING

PREPOSITIONS

INTERROGATIVES

chapter 8

Pronominal Suffixes and Review of Definiteness

PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES

SUFFIXES WITH PREPOSITIONS

SUFFIXES ON THE DIRECT ...

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About Learning Biblical Hebrew: Reading for Comprehension: An Introductory Grammar

What’s the best way to learn a new language? By approaching it not as a series of facts to memorize but as something alive, with a personality you can get to know and tendencies you can begin to predict.

Designed for long-term retention, Learning Biblical Hebrew focuses on helping students understand how the language works and providing a solid grounding in Hebrew through extensive reading in the biblical text.

• Introduces advanced concepts in a form accessible to beginning students.

• Focuses on historic patterns and changes that minimize memorization.

• Focuses on how the language works for long-term retention.

• Encourages mastery of paradigms from a handful of representative forms.

• Includes extensive translation from the third week of class.

• Prepares students for translation of unedited biblical texts by the end of first semester.

• Emphasizes reading comprehension rather than decoding.

• Promotes a strong oral component to enhance language competence.

Written for first-year and second-year Hebrew students, this grammar is laid out to present comprehensive concepts to first-year students and then to aid in review and deeper understanding for second-year students. Though written for Hebrew competency, Learning Biblical Hebrew is well suited for students with different learning styles and objectives.

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Table of Contents