READING THE BIBLE AS LITERATURE

Jesus the Hero

A GUIDED LITERARY STUDY OF THE GOSPELS

Leland Ryken

Jesus the Hero: A Guided Literary Study of the Gospels

© 2016 by Leland Ryken

Lexham Press, 1313 Commercial St., Bellingham, WA 98225

LexhamPress.com

First edition by Weaver Book Company.

All rights reserved. You may use brief quotations from this resource in presentations, articles, and books. For all other uses, please write Lexham Press for permission. Email us at permissions@lexhampress.com.

All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are from the Holy Bible, English Standard Version (ESV), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Verse numbers appear in Scripture quotations because the author sometimes refers to or comments on specific verses.

Print ISBN 9781683591580

Digital ISBN 9781683591597

Cover design: Frank Gutbrod

Contents

Series Preface

Introduction: What You Need to Know about the Gospels

1. Narrative Genre: The Primary Form

2. Biography and Hero Story

3. Encounter Story and Conflict Story

4. Additional Narrative Forms

5. Passion Story

6. Discourse and Oration

7. Parable

8. Poetry and Proverb

9. A Gospel Miscellany

Afterword: Jesus Our Hero

Series Preface

This series is part of the mission of the publisher to equip Christians to understand and teach the Bible effectively by giving them reliable tools for handling the biblical text. Within that landscape, the niche that my volumes are designed to fill is the literary approach to the Bible. This has been my scholarly passion for nearly half a century. It is my belief that a literary approach to the Bible is the common reader’s friend, in contrast to more specialized types of scholarship on the Bible.

Nonetheless, the literary approach to the Bible needs to be defended against legitimate fears by evangelical Christians, and through the years I have not scorned to clear the territory of misconceptions as part of my defense of a literary analysis of the Bible. In kernel form, my message has been this:

1. To view the Bible as literature is not a suspect modern idea, nor does it need to imply theological liberalism. The idea of the Bible as literature began with the writers of the Bible, who display literary qualities in their writings and who refer with technical precision to a wide range of literary genres such as psalm, proverb, parable, apocalypse, and many more.

2. Although fiction is a common trait of literature, it is not an essential feature of it. A work of literature can be replete with literary technique and artifice while remaining historically factual.

3. To approach the Bible as literature need not be characterized by viewing the Bible only as literature, any more than reading it as history requires us to see only the history of the Bible.

4. When we see literary qualities in the Bible we are not attempting to bring the Bible down to the level of ordinary literature; it is simply an objective ...