A CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY

ON

THE PASTORAL EPISTLES

BY

I. HOWARD MARSHALL

Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Aberdeen

IN COLLABORATION WITH

PHILIP H. TOWNER

Translation Consultant, United Bible Societies Adjunct Professor of New Testament, Regent College, Vancouver

T&T Clark LTD

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First published 1999

Reprinted 2003

This edition 2004

Reprinted 2006

ISBN 0 567 08661 5

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

The

INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL COMMENTARY

on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments

general editors

J. A. EMERTON, F.B.A.

Fellow of St John’s College Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University of Cambridge Honorary Canon of St George’s Cathedral. Jerusalem

C. E. B. CRANFIELD. F.B.A.

Emeritus Professor of Theology in the University of Durham

and

G. N. STANTON

Lady Margaret’s

Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge

formerly under the editorship of

S. R. DRIVER

A. PLUMMER

C. A. BRIGGS

Coniugis carissimae

memor

CONTENTS

Preface

Abbreviations and Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

1. the unity of the epistles

2. attestation and canonicity

3. the text of the epistles

4. genre and structure

5. the opposition to paul

6. the ecclesiastical situation

7. authorship and recipients

8. the theology of the epistles

THE LETTER TO TITUS

opening salutation (1:1–4)

body of the letter—instructions to the church leader (1:5–3:11)

I. the appointment of elders and the danger from opponents (1:5–16)

IIA. teaching for the church—how believers are to relate to one another (2:1–15)

IIB. teaching for the church—how believers are to live in society (3:1–11)

personal instructions (3:12–14)

closing greeting (3:15)

THE FIRST LETTER TO TIMOTHY

opening salutation (1:1–2)

body of the letter—a. teachers and church leaders (1:3–3:16)

I. instruction to avoid false doctrine (1:3–20)

II. instruction on prayer (2:1–15)

III. qualifications for overseers and deacons (3:1–13)

IV. the church and the mystery of the faith (3:14–16)

body of the letter—b. the attitude of the church leader to the church and the groups in it (4:1–6:21a)

I. timothy’s duties as a teacher in the face of heresy (4:1–16)

II. the treatment of various groups in the church (5:1–6:2a)

III. true and false teachers contrasted (6:2b–21a)

closing greeting (6:21b)

THE SECOND LETTER TO TIMOTHY

salutation (1:1–2)

body of the letter—timothy as a church leader (1:3–4:8)

I. the need for timothy to show courage and to hold fast to the gospel (1:3–18)

II. exhortation to be strong and to endure suffering (2:1–13)...