THE GATES OF HELL

An Untold Story of Faith and Perseverance in the Early Soviet Union

MATTHEW HEISE

The Gates of Hell: An Untold Story of Faith and Perseverance in the Early Soviet Union

Copyright 2022 Matthew Heise

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The Prayer for Martyrs (page xvi) includes Psalm verses from the New Coverdale Psalter in The Book of Common Prayer (Huntington Beach, CA: Anglican Liturgy Press, 2019), copyright of the Anglican Church in North America.

Print ISBN 9781683595953

Digital ISBN 9781683595984

Library of Congress Control Number 2021947101

Lexham Editorial: Todd Hains, Elliot Ritzema, Erin Mangum, Mandi Newell

Cover Design: Joshua Hunt, Brittany Schrock

To my parents, Walter and Betty,

whose unflagging devotion to my academic efforts

will always be appreciated.

And to my dear and loving wife, Raziyeh,

who inspires me daily in her walk with Christ—

my love for you is profound.

And to the martyrs of the faith

who stand as a host arrayed in white,

washed in the blood of the Lamb!

CONTENTS

Chronology

Abbreviations

Prayer for Martyrs

PROLOGUE

1. A WORLD IN FLUX

War, Revolution, and Reformation

2. “THE CHURCH IS SEPARATED FROM THE STATE”

The Bolsheviks Take Power

3. “ANY PROOF OF BROTHERLY LOVE”

Finding a Way to Aid Russia

4. A POWERFUL, INVISIBLE HAND FROM THE DARK

The Malevolent Might of the Cheka

5. THE “RELIGIOUS NEP”

The Departure of the ARA and the NLC’s Struggle to Continue

6. A FIR TREE WITH TWO PEAKS

The First All-Russian Lutheran Synodical Convention

7. SERVANTS IN HIS VINEYARD

A Bible School Is Born in the USSR

8. “HOLD FAST WHAT YOU HAVE”

The Status of the Lutheran Church in 1926

9. “UNBELIEVABLE ELASTICITY”

Managing Relations with Church and State in 1927

10. “THEY WOULD NOT SEE HIS FACE AGAIN”

A Last Synod and Mission Festival

11. “A DECLARATION OF A RELENTLESS STRUGGLE”

The Battle Against Religion Is Joined

12. “HE … SHALL THINK TO CHANGE THE TIMES AND THE LAW”

Stalin’s First Five-Year Plan Gets Underway

13. “FAITHFUL TO HIM TO THE GRAVE”

Inspiring a New Generation of Believers

14. A SOMBER CHRISTMAS

Arrests and Interrogations

15. THE CHURCH IS BROKEN

The Koch Trial and the Decision in the Hansen-Muss Case

16. SHEEP AMONG WOLVES

The Servant of the Church as Enemy of the State

17. “STAND AND EAT, YOU STILL HAVE A LONG WAY TO GO”

Words and Prayers of Encouragement

18. “STUCK DEEP IN SNOW AND ICE”

The Spiritual Life of the Church in Late 1931 and Early 1932

19. A SAD AND MUDDLED AFFAIR

Conflicts in the Church as OGPU Pressure Intensifies

20. “HARVEST OF SORROW”

Seminary Struggles, Famine, and the Recognition of the Soviet Union

21. “A MARTYR TO THE CAUSE”

The Tragedy of the Meiers

22. “A SMALL CROWD ARMED WITH COURAGE”

More Arrests and the Closing of ...

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About The Gates of Hell: An Untold Story of Faith and Perseverance in the Early Soviet Union

Decimated by war, revolution, and famine, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Russia was in critical condition in 1921. In The Gates of Hell, Matthew Heise recounts the bravery and suffering of German-Russian Lutherans during the period between the two great world wars. These stories tell of ordinary Christians who remained faithful to death in the face of state persecution.

Christians in Russia had dark days characterized by defeat, but God preserved his church. Against all human odds, the church would outlast the man-made sandcastles of communist utopianism. The Gates of Hell is a wonderful testimony to the enduring power of God’s word, Christ’s church, and the Spirit’s faithfulness.

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Table of Contents