HANDBOOK

on the

New Testament Use

of the Old Testament

Exegesis and Interpretation

G. K. Beale

BakerAcademic

a division of Baker Publishing Group

Grand Rapids, Michigan

© 2012 by G. K. Beale

Published by Baker Academic

a division of Baker Publishing Group

P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287

www.bakeracademic.com

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Beale, G. K. (Gregory K.), 1949–

Handbook on the New Testament use of the Old Testament: exegesis and interpretation / G. K. Beale.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.

ISBN 978-0-8010-3896-9 (pbk.)

1. Bible. O.T.—Relation to the New Testament. 2. Bible—Hermeneutics. I. Title.

BS2387.B43 2012

225.6—dc23

2012013968

Unless otherwise identified, Scripture quotations are from the New American Standard Bible®, copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.

Scripture quotations labeled KJV are from the King James Version of the Bible.

Scripture quotations labeled NIV are from the Holy Bible, New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2010 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com

Scripture quotations labeled NRSV are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

To the memory of S. Lewis Johnson, who first taught me about how the New Testament uses the Old Testament

Contents

Preface

Abbreviations

Introduction

1 Challenges to Interpreting the Use of the Old Testament in the New

2 Seeing the Old Testament in the New: Definitions of Quotations and Allusions and Criteria for Discerning Them

3 An Approach to Interpreting the Old Testament in the New

4 Primary Ways the New Testament Uses the Old Testament

5 Hermeneutical and Theological Presuppositions of the New Testament Writers

6 The Relevance of Jewish Backgrounds for the Study of the Old Testament in the New: A Survey of the Sources

7 A Case Study Illustrating the Methodology of This Book

Select Bibliography on the New Testament Use of the Old

Author Index

Ancient Writings Index

Preface

My first substantive exposure to the use of the Old Testament (OT) in the New Testament (NT) was in a course I took on this subject during the mid-1970s from S. Lewis Johnson. This piqued my great interest in the subject. When I decided to do doctoral work at the University of Cambridge, Dr. Johnson suggested that one of the areas needing study was the use of the Old Testament in John’s Apocalypse. So I rushed ...