THE SYNTOPICON

An Index to the Great Ideas

Mortimer J. Adler, Editor in Chief

VOLUME 1

Jacob E. Safra, Chairman of the Board

Ilan Yeshua, Chief Executive Officer

Dale H. Hoiberg, Senior Vice President and Editor

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First Edition © 1952

Second Edition © 1990

Seventh Printing, 2003

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-80213

International Standard Book Number: 0-85229-531-6

Great Books of the Western World

Mortimer J. Adler

Editor in Chief

1

THE SYNTOPICON: I

Clifton Fadiman, Philip W. Goetz, Associate Editors

Members of the Advisory Board: Douglas Allanbrook, Jacques Barzun,

Norman Cousins, John Kenneth Galbraith, Heinz Pagels,

Anthony Quinton

GREAT BOOKS OF THE WESTERN WORLD

Mortimer J. Adler, Editor in Chief

Clifton Fadiman and Philip W. Goetz, Associate Editors

Anne Long Dimopoulos, Project Director

editorial staff

Assistant Editors

Lee Kantz

Wayne Moquin

Art Director

Cynthia Peterson

Illustrators

John Draves

John Mahoney

Librarians

Terry Miller

Shantha Uddin

Support Staff

Marlys Allen

Ana Maria Blanco

Patricia Henle

Eunice Magnus

Special Assignments

Otto Bird

Daniel Brown

Christine Claeys

W. Geoffrey Rommel

John Van Doren

production staff

Executive Director

Karen M. Barch

Manager, Copy Department

Anita Wolff

Senior Copy Editor

Sylvia Wallace

Copy Editors

Lynette L. Bertsche

Naomi Cohn

Madolynn Cronk

Anthony L. Green

Glenn Jenne

Marco de Luca

Karen Malay

John H. Mathews

Letricia A. Riley

Rachel Schneewind

Manager, Production Control

Mary C. Srodon

Senior Production Control Coordinator

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Manager, Composition and Page Makeup

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Coordinator, Composition and Page Makeup

Michael Born, Jr.

Senior Compositor/Formatter

John Krom, Jr.

Compositors

Duangnetra Debhavalya

Thomas Mulligan

Gwen Rosenberg

Tammy Tsou

Page Makeup Operators

Vertreasa Hunt

Arnell Reed

corporate computer services

Director

Michelle Brandhorst

Staff

Steven Bosco

Philip Rehmer

Vincent Star

Syntopical Indexers: Ronald Aichholzer, Michaelangelo Alloca, Roy Amatore, Teddi Anastaplo, Pauline Dembicki, Phyllis Dreazen, Sheryl Kuhlman, Sally McCleskey, Timothy O’Connor, Kyle Roggenbuck, Timothy Snow, James Solheim, Barbara Thorne

Design and Typography: Harvey Retzloff

Special thanks to Barbara Zimmerman of BZ Rights, Inc., New York

Staff of the First Edition of

GREAT BOOKS OF THE WESTERN WORLD

Robert Maynard Hutchins, Editor in Chief

Mortimer J. Adler, Associate Editor

The Advisory Board: Stringfellow Barr, Scott Buchanan, John Erskine, Clarence H. Faust, Alexander Meiklejohn, Joseph J. Schwab, Mark Van Doren

Editorial Consultants: A. F. B. Clark, F. L. Lucas, Walter Murdoch

Executive Editor: ...