ENCOUNTERING

the OLD TESTAMENT

a christian survey

third edition

Bill T. Arnold

and Bryan E. Beyer

BakerAcademic

a division of Baker Publishing Group

www.BakerAcademic.com

© 1999, 2008, 2015 by Bill T. Arnold and Bryan E. Beyer

Published by Baker Academic

a division of Baker Publishing Group

P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287

www.bakeracademic.com

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Arnold, Bill T.

Encountering the Old Testament: a Christian survey / Bill T. Arnold and Bryan E. Beyer.—Third Edition.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-8010-4953-8 (cloth: alk. paper)

1. Bible. Old Testament—Textbooks. I. Beyer, Bryan. II. Title.

BS1140.3.A76 2015

221.6′1—dc22

2015003290

Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are from the Holy Bible, New International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com

Scripture quotations labeled ESV are from The Holy Bible, English Standard Version® (ESV®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. ESV Text Edition: 2007

Scripture quotations labeled NASB are from the New American Standard Bible®, copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.

Scripture quotations labeled NRSV are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Unless otherwise indicated, photos are copyright © Baker Publishing Group and Dr. James C. Martin.

Unless otherwise indicated, illustrations and maps are copyright © Baker Publishing Group.

The following institutions have granted permission to photograph their holdings: The Aegyptisches Museum, Berlin; The British Museum, London, England; The Eretz Israel Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel; Israel Museum, Collection of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, and courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, exhibited at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem; Musée du Louvre, Autorisation de photographer et de filmer, Louvre, Paris, France; The Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago; The Pergamon Museum, Berlin; Shrine of the Book, Collection of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, and courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority, exhibited at the Shrine of the Book, the Israel Museum, Jerusalem; The Skirball Museum, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, 13 King David Street, Jerusalem 94101; The Turkish Ministry of Antiquities, ...