second edition

Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels

edited by

Joel B. Green, Jeannine K. Brown & Nicholas Perrin

An imprint of InterVarsity Press

Downers Grove, Illinois

Inter-Varsity Press

Nottingham, England

InterVarsity Press

P.O. Box 1400, Downers Grove, IL 60515-1426

World Wide Web: www.ivpress.com

E-mail: email@ivpress.com

©2013 by InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from InterVarsity Press.

InterVarsity Press® is the book-publishing division of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA®, a movement of students and faculty active on campus at hundreds of universities, colleges and schools of nursing in the United States of America, and a member movement of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students. For information about local and regional activities, write Public Relations Dept., InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA, 6400 Schroeder Rd., P.O. Box 7895, Madison, WI 53707-7895, or visit the IVCF website at <www.intervarsity.org>.

All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are the author’s own translation.

Design: Cindy Kiple

Image: Christ with the Doctors in the Temple by (Paolo Caliari) Veronese at Prado, Madrid, Spain. Alinari / The Bridgeman Art Library.

ISBN 978-0-8308-8438-4 (digital)

ISBN 978-0-8308-2456-4 (print)

InterVarsity Press

Project Staff

Senior Editor/Project Editor

Daniel G. Reid

Managing Editor

Benjamin M. McCoy

Copyeditor

Robert G. Maccini

Editorial &

Administrative Assistants

Rebecca F. Carhart

Rachel Neftzer Snavely

Claire VanderVelde

Design

Cindy Kiple

Typesetters

Maureen G. Tobey

Jeanna L. Wiggins

Proofreader

Adam Stevenson

Publisher

Robert A. Fryling

Associate Publisher for Editorial

Andrew T. Le Peau

Associate Editorial Director

James Hoover

Production Manager

Anne Gerth

Print Coordinator

Jim Erhart

Contents

Preface

How to Use This Dictionary

Abbreviations

Transliterations

Contributors

Dictionary Articles

Scripture Index

Subject Index

Articles Index

Preface

Today New Testament students are inundated with a virtual flood of research on Jesus and the Gospels. What does it mean for Jesus to be called God’s Son? Why did Jesus have to die? Did Jesus have female followers; if he did, what is their significance? What is a “Gospel”? Was Jesus a Cynic? (What is a Cynic?) How can we make sense of Jesus’ parables? Given the need for so much specialized background and knowledge, how do students and pastors even begin to tackle these questions, and others besides?

In recent decades some traditional viewpoints have been transformed, some overturned, others confirmed. New methodologies and approaches have been championed, some becoming commonplace. New studies have helped us to appreciate better the perspectives of the Gospel writers, and they have brought into sharper relief the challenge of Jesus’ life and message. Those studies have also grown more numerous and, in many cases, more technical.

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About Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, Second Edition

The second edition of the Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels is a thoroughly reconstructed and revised version of the critically acclaimed 1992 first edition. Since that groundbreaking volume was published, a wave of Jesus and Gospel scholarship has crested and broken on the shores of a new century.

Jesus has been proposed as sage, shaman, revolutionary, marginal Jew, Mediterranean peasant or a prophet of Israel’s restoration. The non-canonical Gospels have been touted, examined and reassessed. There are revised understandings of historiography, orality, form criticism, empire and more. The second edition of the Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels amply weighs and assess the gains and shortcomings of this new scholarship.

Here is a self-contained reference library of information and perspective essential to exploring Jesus and the Gospels. This volume bridges the gap between scholars and those pastors, teachers, students and interested readers who want thorough treatments of key topics in an accessible and summary format. Articles cover each Gospel, major themes in the Gospels, key episodes in the life of Jesus, significant background topics, as well as issues and methods of interpretation.

Among other benefits, it allows multiple opportunities for each of the Gospels to be weighed and heard in its own voice. Bibliographies are full and up to date, putting readers in touch with the best work in the field. All of this allows the articles to serve as launching pads for further research.

When the first edition of the Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels was published, it was immediately recognized as an innovative reference work. By taking a particular corpus of biblical books and exploring it with in-depth articles written by specialists in the field, it refashioned a staple reference genre. This dictionary model has now been applied to each segment of the biblical canon in successive volumes.

Those who have enjoyed and benefitted from the wealth in the first edition will find the second edition an equally indispensable companion to study and research. Over ninety percent of the articles have been completely rewritten, and the rest thoroughly revised and updated. Here is the doorway into a reliable and comprehensive summary and appraisal of the last twenty years of Jesus scholarship. A new generation of scholars has opened the way to make this a Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels for the twenty-first century.

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Table of Contents