Baker Encyclopedia
of Psychology
& Counseling

Edited by
DAVID G. BENNER
& PETER C. HILL

© 1985, 1999 by David G. Benner and Peter C. Hill

Published by Baker Books

a division of Baker Book House Company

P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516–6287

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

ISBN: 0-8010-2100-6

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Preface to Second Edition

Serious work on the relationship of psychology to Christian theology and faith has gained a great deal of momentum in the past 25 years. During that time, both the Journal of Psychology and Christianity and the Journal of Psychology and Theology had their beginnings and have grown into important publication outlets for work on this interface. Over the same years we have witnessed the development of the Christian Association for Psychological Studies into a vital international association of Christian mental health professionals and have also seen the birth of a new organization, the American Association of Christian Counselors. Pastoral care and counseling has also grown in sophistication and rigor, with an increasing number of publications and conferences dedicated to applications of psychological theory and practice to pastoral settings. Christian counseling has also experienced an enormous development, both in number of practitioners as well as in the vision that directs such work.

All of this has meant that Baker Encyclopedia of Psychology, published in 1985 and rapidly embraced as the first comprehensive treatment of psychology from a Christian point of view, has been for several years much in need of revision. Developments within the field of psychology over the last decade have also, of course, demanded such a revision. Treatment approaches have been tested in the fire of research evaluation and some have been found wanting. Consequently, these approaches have not been included in this revised edition. Changes in the classification and understanding of the major psychological disorders, especially in the light of the 1994 publication of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), have also required extensive changes to these articles. The same is true of articles on psychological development, social behavior, and personality.

Another major difference between the present edition and the previous one is the much more extensive attention given in the present edition to pastoral care and counseling. Implications for pastoral ...