THE ANCHOR YALE BIBLE

LAMENTATIONS

A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary

second, revised edition

DELBERT R. HILLERS

VOLUME 7A

the anchor yale bible

Doubleday

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London

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Sydney

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The Anchor Bible

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The Anchor Bible, Doubleday, and the portrayal of an anchor with the letters AB are trademarks of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

library of congress cataloging-in-publication data

Bible. O.T. Lamentations. English. Hillers. 1992.

Lamentations: a new translation with introduction and commentary / Delbert R. Hillers.

p. cm.—(The Anchor Bible; v. 7A)

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

1. Bible. O.T. Lamentations—Commentaries. I. Hillers, Delbert R. II. Title. III. Series: Bible. English. Anchor Bible. 1964; v. 7A.

BS1533 1992

220.7′7 s—dc20

91-17533

[224′.3077]

CIP

ISBN 0-385-26407-0

Copyright © 1972, 1992 by Doubleday,

a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

October 1992

To the memory

of

my parents

Contents

Preface

Preface to the Second Edition

Principal Abbreviations

Introduction

To Remember and to Hope

Liturgical Use of Lamentations

The Name of the Book

Place in the Canon

The Date of Lamentations

The Authorship of Lamentations

Place of Composition

Lamentations as Poetry

Introductory

Poetic Meter and Related Rhythmic Features

The Meter Used in Lamentations

Parallelism and Syntax in Lamentations

The Metrical Norm: Illusion and Reality

Meter and Meaning

Strophic Patterns

Acrostic Form and Meaning

Initial Syntactic Repetition

Acrostics and Word Order

Anticlimax

Note on a Feature of Poetic Diction

Lamentations and the City-Lament Tradition

The Hebrew Text and Versions of Lamentations

General

Excursus: Study of the Text of Lamentations and 4QLama

Collation of 4QLama with MT

Selected Bibliography

Lamentations

I. “Is there any pain like my pain?” (1:1–22)

Comment

II. “The Lord became like an enemy” (2:1–22)

Comment

III. Everyman (3:1–66)

Comment

IV. The Limit of Suffering (4:1–22)

Comment

V. A Prayer (5:1–22)

Comment

Index of Authors

Index of Biblical Passages

Preface

I have written the following commentary primarily for the general reader, and have included only a limited amount of technical detail. As a result I do not always give explicit credit to the scholar who first proposed a given idea, and, although I cite some differing points of view on controverted issues, I do not always quote the full range of varying opinions. Let it be stated here, then, that I am conscious of my great debt to the many scholars, living and dead, who have occupied themselves with Lamentations, and that I hope my own commentary will attract at least some readers to look further into the extensive and excellent literature on this small book.

To the late William F. Albright, who in his lifetime performed so many acts of kindness ...

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AYB 7A

About Lamentations: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary

The poetry found in the Book of Lamentations is an eloquent expression of one man’s, and one nation’s, despair. The poet is deep in mourning as a result of the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in the sixth century B.C.E. He looks to Israel’s own sins to explain the catastrophe, and yet he recites poignant examples of Israel’s suffering in wondering aloud if God has abandoned his people altogether. Thus his lament is both a confession and a prayer for hope in spite of the horrible defeat.

Lamentations is traditionally thought to have been written by the prophet Jeremiah; today the question is whether one man wrote it or many. In his introduction, Delbert Hillers gives the evidence against Jeremiah’s authorship and suggests that the poems should be treated as an intelligible unity, most likely written by an eyewitness to the events described.

The book of Lamentations has been taken up through history both as poetry and as an expression of boundless grief. It has become part of the Jewish and Christian liturgies, as well as a source of comfort far beyond the time in which it was written. This commentary fills in the book’s literary and historical background, and we emerge with a fresh respect for the artistry with which it was composed. The poetry itself demands this respect, with a translation here that carries the emotion and heartbreak of the original Hebrew.

This new edition by Delbert R. Hillers is a thorough revision of his earlier Anchor Yale Bible commentary, incorporating new literary theories and textual discoveries connected with the very latest Dead Sea Scrolls scholarship.

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