Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics

Norman L. Geisler

©1999 by Norman L. Geisler

Published by Baker Books

a division of Baker Book House Company

P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Geisler, Norman L.

Baker encyclopedia of Christian apologetics / Norman L. Geisler.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8010-2151-0

1. Apologetics—Encyclopedias. I. Title.

BT1102.G42 1998

239′.03—dc 21

98-8735

For information about academic books, resources for Christian leaders, and all new releases available from Baker Book House, visit our web site:

http://www.bakerbooks.com

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank those who gave valuable help in the preparation of this manuscript. This includes Larry Blythe, Steve Bright, Mac Craig, Mark Dorsett, Jeff Drauden, Scott Henderson, Holly Hood, Kenny Hood, David Johnson, Eric LaRock, Trevor Mander, Doug Potter, Steve Puryear, Jeff Spencer, and Frank Turek.

I am especially grateful to Joan Cattell for the untold sacrificial hours of her valuable editing of the complete manuscript. Special thanks are also due to my son, David Geisler, who put together the vast bibliography and for my faithful secretary, Laurel Maugel, who carefully typed and proofed it.

Most of all, I would like to thank my devoted wife, Barbara, for her love, support, and sacrifice that made this volume possible.

Abbreviations

ATR Anglican Theological Review

BA The Biblical Archaeologist

BAR Biblical Archaeology Review

Bib. Sac. Bibliotheca Sacra

BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library

Bk. Book

BR Bible Review

ca. circa

CRJ Christian Research Journal

CT Christianity Today

EB Encyclopaedia Biblica

Eng. English

ERE Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics

Fr. French

Gk. Greek

GOTR Greek Orthodox Theological Review

IEJ Israel Exploration Journal

ISBE International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association

JASA Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation

JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society

KJV King James Version

Lat. Latin

LXX Septuagint

NASB New American Standard Bible

NIV New International Version

NKJV New King James Version

NTCERK New Twentieth Century Encylcopedia of Religious Knowledge

RSV Revised Standard Version

SE Studia Evangelica

WTJ Westminster Theological Journal

Aa

Absolute Truth. See Truth, Nature of.

Absolutes, Moral. See Morality, Absolute Nature of.