THE

ANCHOR BIBLE DICTIONARY

David Noel Freedman

Editor-in-Chief

Associate Editors

Gary A. Herion • David F. Graf

John David Pleins

Managing Editor

Astrid B. Beck

Doubleday

New York • London • Toronto • Sydney • Auckland

The Anchor Bible Dictionary

published by Doubleday a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

666 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10103

The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Doubleday, and the portrayal of an anchor with the letters ABD are trademarks of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

design by Stanley S. Drate/Folio Graphics Company, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anchor Bible dictionary / David Noel Freedman, editor-in-chief; associate editors, Gary A. Herion, David F. Graf, John David Pleins; managing editor, Astrid B. Beck

—1st ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

1. Bible—Dictionaries. I. Freedman, David Noel, 1922–.

BS440.A54 1992

220.3—dc20

91–8385

CIP

Copyright © 1992 Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

All Rights Reserved

CONSULTANTS

HANS DIETER BETZ (Greco-Roman Religion)

Shailer Mathews Professor of NT Studies, University of Chicago

JAMES H. CHARLESWORTH (Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha)

George L. Collord Professor of NT Language and Literature, Princeton Theological Seminary

FRANK MOORE CROSS (Old Testament)

Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages, Harvard University

WILLIAM G. DEVER (Archaeology)

Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Arizona

A. KIRK GRAYSON (Mesopotamia and Assyriology)

Professor, University of Toronto

PETER MACHINIST (Bible and Ancient Near East)

Professor of Near Eastern Languages, Harvard University

ABRAHAM J. MALHERBE (New Testament)

Buckingham Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, The Divintiy School, Yale University

BIRGER A. PEARSON (Early Christianity)

Professor of Religious Studies, University of California at Santa Barabara

JACK M. SASSON (Bible and Ancient Near East)

Professor in Religious Studies, University of North Carolina

WILLIAM R. SCHOEDEL (Early Christian Literature)

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

EDITORIAL STAFF

editor-in-chief:

David Noel Freedman

associate editors:

Gary A. Herion

David F. Graf

John David Pleins

managing editor:

Astrid B. Beck

assistant editor:

Philip C. Schmitz

production editor:

Leslie Barkley

assistants to the editor:

Mark J. Fretz

Herbert Grether

John Huddlestun

John Kutsko

Dale Manor

Paul Mirecki

James Mueller

David R. Seely

William Ward

Harry Weeks

production assistants:

Carol Herion

Dennis Moser

PREFACE

In view of Gary Herion’s comprehensive Introduction to the Anchor Bible Dictionary, very little needs to be added by way of preface, but a few words may be helpful. The project itself was initiated early in the 1980s by conversations between Robert Heller, then head of the Religion Department at Doubleday, and me. Because of the widespread acceptance and use of the Anchor ...