not by works but by his call—she was told, “The older shall serve the younger.” As it is written: “I loved Jacob but hated Esau.” What then are we to say? Is there injustice on the part of God? Of course not! For he says to Moses: “I will show mercy to whom I will, I will take pity on whom I will.” So it depends not upon a person’s will or exertion, but upon God, who shows mercy. For the scripture says to Pharaoh, “This is why I have...